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【╋━】Kimi巴西站周四采访 Thursday in Brazil 巴西站周四 It was here in 2007 that Kimi Raikkonen won the World Championship with Ferrari, but today in his media session he reflected on a somewhat less successful year. “Every season when you don’t win the championship, you can more or less forget it. You are here to win races and championships and if you don’t manage it you have failed, whether you are second or twentieth. It’s been a hard year but we have learned things that will help us in future. But it’s not much fun when you have difficulties race after race. That’s how it goes sometimes in Formula 1, but we have to believe in what we do and I’m sure we can get back to where we should be. During this year, we improved a lot on the engine and electronics side and for sure the car has got more downforce now. It’s a much better car than it was at the beginning of the year.” So would next year’s car fix the problem? “I’ve seen numbers from it and so on, but it’s the same story every year; you don’t really know until you get the car on the circuit. They started very early on the design of next year’s car and the designers listened to us and made some changes to try and improve in areas where we feel this year’s car has been lacking in performance. I believe we can have a much better car and a much better package. How good? We will know in February next year.” Raikkonen then went on to explain exactly why he does not get on with the F14 Ts tendency to understeer in corners. “Since go-karts, if the front end doesn’t turn in and bite, I have never liked it. My driving style is more to try and carry the speed in the corners, keeping the speed mid corner. That’s the way I’m used to doing it and obviously I change my style a little every year. I believe that is the fastest way for me and if I can’t put the car where I want and brake the way I want because of locking wheels or sliding from the front, then it’s going to become a guessing game and if you miss the line through one corner then you miss it through the next ones. It sounds a small thing, but over a lap it becomes quite a big deficit.”
【╋━】kimi谈本赛季、瓦片和将来 Kimi’s thoughts on this season, Vettel and future kimi谈本赛季、瓦片和将来 Kimi Raikkonen’s return to Ferrari for 2014 was meant to be his ticket back to the bigtime. It hasn’t quite panned out that way. Raikkonen has yet to see the podium, has been out-scored by his team mate three to one, and languishes a lowly 12th in the driver standings. Surely things can only get better for the Finnish former champion? We spoke to Raikkonen in Brazil to find out… Q: Kimi, can you sum up your 2014 season with Ferrari, the team with whom you previously won the world title? Was it the homecoming you had hoped for? Kimi Raikkonen: Obviously – and everybody can see this – it hasn’t been an all too good season for me – and not for the team either. As Ferrari you expect to be at the front – and it hasn’t been the case. It’s been hard – but that’s the way it sometimes goes. Q: But at least you like the colour red? KR: Ha, yes, I’ve made the right choice to come here if that is what you mean. Sometimes you have a difficult year, but I am sure that Ferrari can turn it around next season. Q: Are you surprised that after so many years with Fernando Alonso at the team, you are still the last champion that Ferrari had. That was 2007… KR: Obviously we did things right back then… Q: But then things didn’t go right for many years… KR: …I wasn’t here so you’d have to ask somebody who was here to get an answer as to why. I am here this year – and it didn’t go well – but for the future we do have the right people and a good team, so things will turn around. Q: So is it still a good feeling having your name in the Ferrari history books as their last world champion? KR: Yes, sure. It is better [to have] one here than five with another team. It is the right place to be and even if 2014 was not so good, it is still Ferrari! Q: There has been a lot of talk about Felipe Massa’s quote that Fernando has ‘out-psyched’ you. Is it possible to out-psyche Kimi Raikkonen? KR: Everybody has his opinion and Felipe can say what he wants. It’s just been a bad season. That’s it. No ‘psyching’ or whatever… just a bad season. Q: Right now Ferrari reportedly have three drivers with valid contracts for 2015 – three heavyweight drivers. Does this mean Ferrari will be the first team to do car sharing? KR: Ask Ferrari what is going to happen. I won’t say anything about the situation. Q: Are you sure that you will be racing next season? One hundred percent sure? KR: Yes, I am sure. And what is one hundred percent sure here? Nothing. Q: The 2014 changes had quite an impact on the drivers. Everyone remembers your famous words of ‘leave me alone’ on the team radio at Lotus. Is such an approach still possible today when the pit wall is an integral part of the cockpit? KR: Ah, in reality it is not so much different than before 2014. Yes, the cars are different and my guess is that it was pretty difficult for teams to build these new cars – and here things didn’t quite go as well as we had hoped. That is the main difference. Q: But could you utter those words this season and still have a good race, given all the information you need from the pit wall? KR: The tyres are pretty much the same issue they’ve always been, but yes, it’s been trickier this year. We’ve always talked on the radio, so there is not too much difference. Q: So do you like the 2014 changes? KR: It is different, yes – and whether you like them or not doesn’t make any difference. These are the rules and you have to swallow it. Racing hasn’t changed much – the sound is different. Q: What do you Ferrari have up their sleeves in order to do better in 2015? KR: They have hired new people. Maybe they made some mistakes when they started to design the 2014 car and maybe they haven’t got the best out of the rules, but we have plenty of good people who are able to turn things around. We will get there again. Unfortunately not in 2014. Q: Believe all the media reports and you will be racing alongside Sebastian Vettel next season. The two of you get along pretty well… KR: Until something is announced I am not interesting in talking about possible team mates. He is a good, straightforward guy. Q: But it is fact that you and Sebastian get along very well – privately… KR: He is the best out of any of the drivers. I know him the most. But as to what is happening in terms of driver line-up, you won’t get any answers from me. Q: There are still two races to go. Can these races reconcile you with 2014? KR: For sure not. It’s been a difficult year – but I will do my best in the last two races. Q: What would make you happy on Sunday? KR: A reasonably good race would be nice. If we get a podium it would be nice. Q: So are you expecting your first podium of 2014 at one of the last two races? KR: Not expecting, but it would be nice!
【新闻】法拉利将会从菲亚特/克莱斯勒集团分离 Ferrari to separate from Fiat/Chrysler 法拉利将会从菲亚特/克莱斯勒集团分离 2014-10-29 Fiat Chrysler has announced plans to spin off Ferrari into a separate company. 菲亚特 克莱斯勒宣布计划将法拉利分离出去成为独立公司。 A 10% shareholding will be sold via an IPO(首次公开募股), with the rest distributed to existing FCA (菲亚特 克莱斯勒汽车集团)shareholders. 10%的股权将通过首次公开募股出售,剩余的分配给目前菲亚特 克莱斯勒汽车集团的股东。 The news was announced by FCA CEO and new Ferrari boss Sergio Marchionne. 这个消息由菲亚特 克莱斯勒首席执行官及新法拉利老板马奇奥尔尼宣布。 He said: “Following our acquisition of the minority interest in Chrysler earlier this year, the transformation of Fiat and Chrysler into FCA was completed earlier this month with our debut on the New York Stock Exchange. 他说:“继今年早些时候我们收购克莱斯勒少数股东的股份,菲亚特和克莱斯勒转变为菲亚特 克莱斯特汽车集团已在本月早期我们首次纽约证券交易所上市时成立。” “As we move forward to secure the 2014-2018 Business Plan and work toward maximizing the value of our businesses to our shareholders, it is proper that we pursue separate paths for FCA and Ferrari.” “我们要确保2014-2018商业规划的实施,并为我们的股东谋求最高商业价值,我们寻求让菲亚特 克莱斯勒与法拉利各自独立的道路是正确的。”
【科普】机械抓地力和空气动力学抓地力 Grip 抓地力(这部分比较基础、略晦涩) Grip is a consequence of molecular contact that can be measured to an incredibly small degree - about one hundredth of a micron - and is amplified when a car slides. Grip is created by molecular interaction at the point of contact between a tire and the track. When the tire is moving, part of the tread is physically touching the surface at a given point and its molecules extend until contact is broken. 抓地力是可被测量到的小到难以置信程度——小到1%微米的一系列分子的接触——当赛车侧滑时它会被放大。抓地力的产生是由轮胎和赛道分子间的相互作用。当轮胎在转动时,胎面的一部分与赛道表面的某些点形成物理接触面,它的分子会扩张到直至这种接触被分开。 Tire grip is generated by two mechanisms, sometimes referred to as physical grip and chemical grip. The first process involves the shear deformation of the contact patch, whilst the second involves the coefficient of friction of the tire. The internal stress response to shear deformation depends upon the shear modulus of the tire, which is temperature dependent, and the friction coefficient is dependent on both tire temperature and slip velocity. So both mechanisms by which grip is generated, are temperature dependent. 抓地力有两种机械抓地力产生,有时这两种抓地力被称为物理抓地力和化学抓地力,前一种涉及接触面的剪切形变,而后者涉及轮胎的摩擦系数。剪切形变影响轮胎内部压力,这依赖于轮胎的剪切模式,这是温度相关的,而摩擦系数与轮胎温度和侧滑速度相关。所以这两种机械抓地力都是温度依赖性的。 We can explain a grip as amount of traction a car can transfer on track trough contact between tires and road, and traction car has at any given point, thus affecting how easy it is for the driver to keep control through corners, during braking or accelerations. Grip depends of track condition, temperature of track or tires, and tire compound used as well as car global set-up. Available grip is finite value for certain part of the track. 我们可以把抓地力理解为一辆赛车在赛道上通过轮胎与地面接触时产生的牵引力的大小,而赛车在某个时刻拥有的牵引力影响着车手通过刹车和加速控制过弯时的难易程度。抓地力依赖于赛道条件,赛道或轮胎温度以及轮胎配方选择和赛车的整体设置。赛道某个部分的有效抓地力是存在极限的。 It*s well known that F1 drivers used to say that during Friday free practice, track condition (or grip) is not good, or that later during session track condition will "come to them". That mean that track condition (read grip) will improve as more rubber is laid on the track and dust, send and dirt is cleaned from tack by passing cars. 我们经常可以听到F1车手们在周五自由练习赛的时候经常说,赛道条件(抓地力)不好,但在接下来的一节赛道调节又“好转”了。这个意思是当更多橡胶粘在赛道上、赛道被经过的赛车扫清了灰尘和脏物的时候,赛道条件(抓地力)就会提升。 Same is valid when they say that they can*t get rubbers work properly, they can*t get proper temperature to the tires and so on. All that mean - "I don*t have enough grip" 同样的,当车手们嚷嚷他们无法让轮胎适当工作,他们无法进入适当的轮胎工作温度等等。所有这些的意思是——“我没有足够的抓地力”。 Grip also depend, as I sad before, how good is your global car setup, aerodynamical efficiency of your car, aerodynamical grip, mechanical balance, brake balance, cardownforce, dynamic weight distribution, ride height, suspension setup and a combination of all that. 就像我以前说过的,抓地力也依赖于你的赛车整体设置有多出色,赛车的空气动力学效率,空气动力学抓地力,机械抓地力,刹车平衡,赛车下压力,动态赛车配重,赛车高度,悬挂设置,以及所有这些之间的互相作用。 A lot to think about for a race engineer and driver. 赛道工程师和车手需要考虑的问题还是很多哒~~~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mechanical grip 机械抓地力 Grip between tires and track pavement provided entirely by suspension and tires. Mechanical grip is very important on slow speed track like Monaco and Hungary, in slowcorners where a speed is lover then 130-150 Km/h and during start phase of the race. Also, during jumping over curve skirts, if your car doesn*t have enough mechanical grip, you can loose precious time fighting oversteer or understeer. 轮胎与赛道之间的这种抓地力完全是由悬挂和轮胎提供的。机械抓地力在低速赛道比如摩纳哥和匈牙利非常重要,这些赛道的慢速弯赛车速度一般低至130-150km/h,还有在比赛开始的发车阶段速度也很慢。在jumping over curve skirts(不懂,。。。。通过蛇形弯??)时,如果你的赛车没有足够的机械抓地力,你就得牺牲宝贵的时间与转向过度或转向不足抗争。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aerodynamical grip 空气动力学抓地力 Grip between tires and track pavement provided entirely by aerodynamical forcesproduced by wings, rear diffuser and practically all F1 bodywork, called Downforce. Higher the speed of the car, bigger the aerodynamical grip. 轮胎和赛道之间的这种抓地力完全是由车翼产生的空气动力学、尾部扩散器和实际上整体的F1赛车车体来提供的,这被成为下压力。赛车速度越高,空气动力学抓地力越大。 In Formula 1, real aerodynamical grip start to develop around and above 70-80 Kmh, but around 120-130 aerodynamically produced downforce is about equal as Formula 1 car weight. 在F1,当赛车速度超过70-80kmh时才会开始产生真正的空气动力学抓地力,而当速度达到120-130kmh时空气动力学产生的下压力会几乎等同于F1赛车的重量。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aerodynamical grip and mechanical grip are very important, and good F1 car should have as much as possible amount of both. If you miss mechanical grip you are slow and car is undrivable in slow corners and tracks like Monaco or Hungaroring. 空气动力学与机械抓地力都非常重要,一辆优秀的F1赛车应该尽可能多地拥有这两种抓地力。如果你失去了机械抓地力,那么赛车就会很慢,而且在慢速弯和低速赛道(摩纳哥或匈牙利)赛车会很难驾驶, If you miss aerodynamically grip, your car will be unstable and undrivable on fast parts of the track. 如果你失去了空气动力学抓地力,你的赛车就会不稳定,在赛道的高速部分非常难驾驭。
【科普】针对赛道特性的赛车设置(一) (蒙扎赛道)(加泰罗尼亚赛道) Track Specific Set-up 针对赛道特性的赛车设置 All we said before about aero and mechanical setup is important, but is always the track that dictate setup of the car. Setup is quite different if we are talking about low downforce track (Monza) or high downforce track (Hungaroring or Monaco), track with predominately fast corners (Turkey) or slow corners (Hungaroring), flowing track (Silverstone) or start - stop kind of track (Canada). I will not go so deep in this type of setup because I will need a book to explain all, but here is explanation of few different types of corners and how to do your work there. 我们之前说过,空气动力学设置和机械设置很重要,但是为赛车设置指明方向的却是赛道。当我们谈到低下压力赛道(比如蒙扎)或者高下压力赛道(比如匈格罗宁或摩纳哥),谈到快速弯占主要地位的赛道(比如土耳其)或慢速弯占主要地位的赛道(比如匈格罗宁),谈到平顺的赛道(比如银石)或者起步—刹车式的赛道(比如加拿大),这些赛道的设置千差万别。这些设置类型我不会讲太深,因为那需要写本书才能说得清楚。不过在这里会解释一下几种不同类型的弯道,以及在那些弯道你要如何去做。Constant radius corner (Circuito Internazionale Monza, "Parabolica" ) 半圆形弯道(蒙扎的Parabolica弯) A constant radius corner is one that has a quick gentle turn-in, a long consistent apex, and a gentle exit. Providing the track is fairly level, setup for the corner can be tackled in a fairly routine way. As in all corners, how vital it is towards the overall lap time and how many corners like this are on the circuit should be analyzed before determining how much the corner should effect the car setup. A constant radius corner is actually quite simple. Providing you*ve roughed in your spring settings for fairly neutral handling, then this is all about aerodynamic downforce and anti-roll bars. The transition forturn-in to steady state cornering is fast. The car is on the bars quick and stays there for quite awhile. Typically, a well balanced car will automatically have reliable handling through most constant radius corners and one can determine quite quickly if a change in downforce will help. For this reason, this type of corners are good corners to focus on early in the initial setup of the car adjustments including springs and anti-roll bars. 半圆形弯道拥有快速、温和的入弯、长而持续的弯心以及温和的出弯。倘若赛道是常规级别的,针对弯道的设置也能够通过常规的途径来搞定。因为在所有这些弯道中,它们对整体圈速的影响有多大以及像这样的弯角在赛道上有几个——这些问题都会被事先分析,然后再决定这些弯道对赛车设置的影响有多少。一个半圆形的弯道实际上相当简单,倘若你为了赛车的中性操控性而将弹簧设置得比较简单,那么这一切就要看空气动力学下压力和防倾杆的设置了。 从入弯到稳定过弯的转换也非常快。赛车可以处于快速水平,并保持很长一段时间(这句没太明白,瞎翻~)。一般来说,一辆平衡很好的赛车本身在通过大多数半圆形弯道时都拥有很可靠的操控性,你能很快地判断出调整下压力是否有帮助。由于上述原因,在这种类型的弯道,很适合专注于初始赛车设置,包括弹簧和防倾杆的调整。 If one is experiencing trouble being competitive, and the corner is high speed, then front wing adjustments would be first on the list, with anti-roll bars and weight distribution a close second. If the corner is medium speed, that order might change. 如果你在竞争力方面存在困难,而赛道弯角又是高速型的,那么调整前翼就是首项重要任务,接下来重要性与之相差无几、但位于其后的是防倾杆和赛车配重。如果弯道是中速弯,先后顺序就需要改变。 Also, any adjustments to the dampers should be performed with thought towards what compromises in other corners may occur, particularly if the circuit has one or more decreasing radius corners elsewhere. 还有,任何减震器的调整都要考虑到下一个弯角的情况而进行妥协,特别是如果赛道的其他地方存在一个或更多的缩紧型(半径越来越小)弯道的时候。Increasing radius corner (Circuit de Catalunya, "La Caixa") 辐散型(半径越来越大)弯道(加泰罗尼亚赛道La Caixa弯) An increasing radius corner is one that features a longer corner exit than corner entry, and is usually accompanied by a small corner apex. 辐散型弯道是指那种以出弯比入弯长为特点的弯道,通常它们都有一个较小的弯心。 In an increasing radius corner, the idea is to brake late and turn in sharp, advancing the corner apex early, then quickly and progressively initiating throttle for maximum exit speed. 在辐散型弯道,要点是晚刹车,入弯敏锐,将弯心提前,然后快速、逐渐地给油门以取得最大出弯速度。 Because the corner exit line usually has no reference points, it becomes difficult to judge. Due to the extended corner exit, if one cannot accelerate properly this becomes a section where a relatively large amount of time may be lost. 因为出弯线路通常没有参考点,所以较难判断。因为是辐散型的出弯,如果你不能正确地加速,那么这个出弯部分就可能会造成相对较大量的时间损失。 Therefore traction under acceleration is important to minimize time in this type of corner. This is crucially important if the corner exits onto a primary fast straight. Some drivers might want to run the differential lock setting at a lower value to help control wheel spin. But a more experienced driver might prefer to control the rear himself using the throttle to induce oversteer. This however requires a very fine tuned neutral balance and fine tuned leg. 因此,与加速相关的牵引力对于减少这种类型弯道的过弯时间至关重要,尤其当出弯后是大直道的时候。有些车手可能愿意将差速器锁设置在较低的数值上,以此来帮助控制轮胎打滑。但是一位更有经验的车手则宁愿通过油门诱导一些转向过度来自己控制后轮。然而,这需要一个调节非常良好的中性赛车平衡和fine tuned leg(微调...腿?)。 To start with, you*ll want a softer rear setup for moretraction under acceleration. Choose front and rear spring rates to accommodate the overall circuit handling requirements, then fine tune with damper adjustments. 首先,你需要较软的尾部设置以求在加速时获得更多牵引力。选择适当的前端与尾部的弹簧比来满足整条赛道的操控性要求,然后调校减震器。 As usual, slow damper settings are useful for adjustments to the spring response during weight transfer. Here you*ll want to run softer slow damper settings. While softening the rear, be aware of the packers vs. ride height. For the car to hit the packers (especially the outside rear) is counterproductive as it will instantly overload the tire with weight. Typically, the anti-roll bars and aerodynamics are not good things to adjust specifically for this type of corner, unless you*re experiencing imbalances elsewhere. 常规来说,较慢的减震器设置对于重量转移时调整弹簧反应性非常有帮助。在这种弯道你应该用更软、缓慢的减震器设置。当调软尾部的时候,要注意缓冲垫与车身高度。因为赛车撞击缓冲垫(特别是尾部外侧)达不到预期效果,这就会立刻让轮胎负荷过重。特别要提的是,防倾杆和空气动力学对于这种类型弯角的调校上没什么特别帮助,除非你在别的地方遇到了赛车平衡问题。 ------------------------------------------(一)完-------------------------------------------
【╋━】科普:空气动力学平衡或压力中心(CofP) Aerodynamic balance or Centre of Pressure (CofP) 空气动力学平衡或压力中心(CofP) A state of equilibrium between the downforce on the front wheels and the downforceon the rear wheels. Too much pressure at the front causes oversteer, too much at the back understeer. 这是指前轮下压力与后轮下压力之间的平衡状态。前轮压力太多导致转向过度,而后轮压力太多导致转向不足。 But to win the races, it is not just wings. You can*t just add the wings to get win. The most important thing apart from the wing level which always helps you go aroundcorners is to have the overall balance. In this case you can feel very comfortable in the car. 为了要赢下比赛,重点可不仅仅在于车翼。你不能只给赛车加上车翼就能够取胜。除了车翼的优劣之外,能帮助你过弯的最重要的因素就是赛车整体上的平衡。赛车平衡非常好的时候,你会对赛车感觉非常舒适。 An f1 cars downforce is produced largely by the front wing, rear wing and the floor. With the front and rear wings being the main tuning elements. By tuning the front and rear downforce you alter the cars Centre of Pressure. Centre of Pressure (CofP) is the balance of downforce at the front and rear axles. As such it’s analogous to being the aerodynamic equivalent of Longitudinal Centre of Gravity. CofP is also known as aero balance. 一辆F1赛车的下压力大部分是由前翼、尾翼和底盘产生的。前翼和尾翼是主要的调节元件。通过调节前部和尾部下压力你可以改变赛车的压力中心。 压力中心(CofP)是赛车前后轴之间的下压力平衡。这多少类似于空气动力学上的纵向重力中心。压力中心(CofP)也被称为空气动力学平衡。(赛车各部位对下压力的影响) Typically the CofP position closely matches that the CofG. 经典的压力中心位置接近于重力中心的位置。 An F1 car is largely limited on corner entry by the rear grip available. In low to mid speed turns the car needs a slight rear bias to the CofP, this prevents the car suffering corner entry oversteer. Where the car wants to spin as it approaches theapex. Too much front wing in these corners will make the car too pointy and hinder laptimes. 一辆F1赛车在入弯的时候受到尾部抓地力的很大影响。在低速弯和中速弯,赛车需要尾部偏离一些压力中心,这能防止赛车在入弯的时候遭受转向过度。当赛车接近弯心的时候会有打滑的倾向。在这些弯道,如果压力中心太偏前翼的话,就会让赛车指向性太强,降低圈速。 In faster turns the front wing can lead the car. The drivers turn in gentler in to fast turns, which creates less lateral acceleration at the rear axle. So it’s rare for the rear to step out on turn-in in to fast corners. Thus, at higher speeds you can have a CofP biased towards neutral or the front. 在快速弯,前翼能够引导赛车。车手在快速弯转向很柔和,这在赛车的后轴产生较小的横向加速度。所以罕有人会偏重尾部去解决快速弯的入弯。这样,在更高速度的情况下,你可以让压力中心偏向于赛车中间或者前端。
【科普】空气动力学平衡或压力中心(CofP) Aerodynamic balance or Centre of Pressure (CofP) 空气动力学平衡或压力中心(CofP) A state of equilibrium between the downforce on the front wheels and the downforceon the rear wheels. Too much pressure at the front causes oversteer, too much at the back understeer. 这是指前轮下压力与后轮下压力之间的平衡状态。前轮压力太多导致转向过度,而后轮压力太多导致转向不足。 But to win the races, it is not just wings. You can*t just add the wings to get win. The most important thing apart from the wing level which always helps you go aroundcorners is to have the overall balance. In this case you can feel very comfortable in the car. 为了要赢下比赛,重点可不仅仅在于车翼。你不能只给赛车加上车翼就能够取胜。除了车翼的优劣之外,能帮助你过弯的最重要的因素就是赛车整体上的平衡。赛车平衡非常好的时候,你会对赛车感觉非常舒适。 An f1 cars downforce is produced largely by the front wing, rear wing and the floor. With the front and rear wings being the main tuning elements. By tuning the front and rear downforce you alter the cars Centre of Pressure. Centre of Pressure (CofP) is the balance of downforce at the front and rear axles. As such it’s analogous to being the aerodynamic equivalent of Longitudinal Centre of Gravity. CofP is also known as aero balance. 一辆F1赛车的下压力大部分是由前翼、尾翼和底盘产生的。前翼和尾翼是主要的调节元件。通过调节前部和尾部下压力你可以改变赛车的压力中心。 压力中心(CofP)是赛车前后轴之间的下压力平衡。这多少类似于空气动力学上的纵向重力中心。压力中心(CofP)也被称为空气动力学平衡。(赛车各部位对下压力的影响) Typically the CofP position closely matches that the CofG. 经典的压力中心位置接近于重力中心的位置。 An F1 car is largely limited on corner entry by the rear grip available. In low to mid speed turns the car needs a slight rear bias to the CofP, this prevents the car suffering corner entry oversteer. Where the car wants to spin as it approaches theapex. Too much front wing in these corners will make the car too pointy and hinder laptimes. 一辆F1赛车在入弯的时候受到尾部抓地力的很大影响。在低速弯和中速弯,赛车需要尾部偏离一些压力中心,这能防止赛车在入弯的时候遭受转向过度。当赛车接近弯心的时候会有打滑的倾向。在这些弯道,如果压力中心太偏前翼的话,就会让赛车指向性太强,降低圈速。 In faster turns the front wing can lead the car. The drivers turn in gentler in to fast turns, which creates less lateral acceleration at the rear axle. So it’s rare for the rear to step out on turn-in in to fast corners. Thus, at higher speeds you can have a CofP biased towards neutral or the front. 在快速弯,前翼能够引导赛车。车手在快速弯转向很柔和,这在赛车的后轴产生较小的横向加速度。所以罕有人会偏重尾部去解决快速弯的入弯。这样,在更高速度的情况下,你可以让压力中心偏向于赛车中间或者前端。
【╋━】日本站Kimi采访全文 in 2014 Kimi Raikkönen went back to the team where he enjoyed the heyday of his career. He hasn’t been able to repeat his glory runs with Ferrari yet, but the Finn is adamant he and the Italian team will come back much stronger next season. In a special interview Kimi Räikkönen talks us through his experiences during this challenging year and reveals what he thinks of his team-mate Fernando Alonso. Question: “Are you as fast as ever?” Kimi: “I think so.” Question: “Can Ferrari bounce back in 2015?” Kimi: “Yes, for sure.” Question: “Is Ferrari your last team in Formula 1?” Kimi: “Yes.” Question: “Most racing drivers dream of racing for Ferrari once. You have now done it twice. Does that feel special?” Kimi: “I don*t really count it as twice. I won the championship with them. I never really counted that I stopped my career, because I got still racing. I won the championship with them, so coming back with them is very nice, but obviously it*s not been the best year, but that*s how it goes.” Question: “Why has 2014 been a slow start for you?” Kimi: “For many reasons. The front doesn*t work very well for me. It is very hard to try the best I want. It is very difficult to sort it out. You know it is feeling better and better all the time. Question: “Your best mate in Formula 1?” Kimi: “Vettel.” Question: “What is your favorite tune?” Kimi: “I don*t have one.” Question: “Do you like sushi?” Kimi: “Yes” Question: “Can you dance?” Kimi: “No.” Question: “During those low moments particularly in the first part of the season, was there ever a time when you started to doubt your ability: ‘Can I still do this’?” Kimi: “No, because I have probably gone through quite a few times the same story and you know you always think how can I get it sorted out. When I get the car as for my liking, I can try it pretty well, pretty fast. For myself, I wanna make sure it stays like that and we can do it every single time when I drive out of the box.” Question: “Do you still want race wins and championships as much as ever?” Kimi: “I wouldn*t be here if I wouldn*t like to win and fight for the championship. I hope to have many good races and wins and fight for the championship. Time will tell.” Question: “Kimi, you have so many fans out there. Why do you think that is?” Kimi: “I have no idea. I am not here to please people or do it for somebody else, I do it for myself, I did the things how I feel the best for me. You*re never gonna please everybody, that*s not my job. My job is to try to do well in the racing. I am fortunate to have so many good fans.” Question: “Is Suzuka the last hardcore circuit in Formula 1?” Kimi: “No, I think, Spa, Suzuka are old-stlye circuits.” Question: “You hold the lap record here in Suzuka. What is it?” Kimi: “I have no idea.” Question: “Suzuka has seen perhaps your greatest victory back in 2005, from 17th to first. What is it about this place? Does it put a smile on your face when you*re in the car?” Kimi: “It was an exciting weekend that year. Hopefully we can do well this weekend and getting better and better, stronger and stronger, more higher up.” Question: "Fernando Alonso. You*ve had some great team-mates. How do you rate him?" Kimi: "For sure he is got. Everybody knows he is really strong. Obviously I have suffered myself a lot this year, so it hasn*t been actually difficult to beat me, but that*s how it goes." Question: “Any more tattoos in the pipeline?” Kimi: “Ah, time will tell.” Question: “Have you enjoyed this interview?” Kimi: “Ah, yes, a little bit at least. ”
【再科普】转向过度与转向不足 What is the difference between understeering and oversteering when taking a turn in a car? Front wheel drive cars generally understeer. That is to say that when turning a corner, the front wheels are performing both the action of changing direction, and moving the car forward. The faster you*re travelling, the hard it is for the front wheels to perform both actions at the same time, without causing you to turn in a wider arc than if you*d been driving slower. The wider the arc, the more you*re understeering. To counter understeer, you have to reduce speed by lifing off the gas. 在汽车转弯的时候转向不足和转向过度有什么不同呢?前驱车总的来说是转向不足的。这意味着当转入弯角的时候,前轮同时肩负着转向和前进两种职责。你开得越快,前轮就越难同时满足这两方面的功能,这时比你开得慢的时候容易跑大。你跑的越大说明转向越不足。要对抗转向不足,你必须收油减速。 Rear wheel drive cars generally oversteer. The rear wheels only move the car forward, and the front wheels only have to change the car*s direction. Oversteer means that the arc is much tighter as the rear of the car tries to *come around* to the front. Worst case scenario is spinning out. You can counter oversteer by applying more speed, and by turning the wheel in the opposite direction -- *opposite lock*. Lifting off the gas during oversteer will cause a weight transfer to the front of the car, reducing grip at the rear which is not good in a rear wheel drive car. 后驱车总的来说是转向过度的。后轮只负责保持汽车前进,而前轮只负责改变汽车的转向方向。转向过度意味着转向弧度(角度)非常紧凑,因为赛车尾部会有“绕到”前面的倾向。最糟糕的情况是会打滑。你可以用提升速度来克服转向过度,或者往相反的方向打方向盘——“反打”。在转向过度的时候收油会导致重量传向汽车前端,减少后面的抓地力,而这些对于一辆后驱车来说都是不利的。 If you*ve ever seen *drifting*, where the car is driven around a corner almost sideways, with the front wheels turned in the opposite direction, that*s oversteer. 如果你曾看到过“漂移”一词,就是汽车在弯角的时候总是要侧滑,而前轮转向相反的方向,这就是转向过度。 If you*re inexperienced with a rear wheel drive car, take it easy. It can take a lot of practice to be able to effectively balance an oversteering car with throttle and steering input. Applying too much opposite lock and the car can begin to oversteer in the opposite direction! Fishtailing is a scary experience! 如果你没有驾驶后驱车的经验,请放轻松。需要很多的练习才能够很好地平衡一辆转向过度赛车的油门和转向灵敏度。来一些反打,汽车就会在相反的方向出现转向过度!摆尾是一种惊心动魄的体验。 If you*ve seen the movie Days of Thunder, they make a reference to the car being *fast* or *loose*. *Fast* means oversteer, and *loose* means understeer. 如果你看过电影《Days of Thunder》,他们用“快”和“松”来描述汽车。“快”的意思是转向过度,而“松”的意思是转向不足。
【国际汽联TR管制细则——能做什么和不能做什么】 Rules will also extend to pitboards; Coded messages banned. By William Esler. Last Updated: 16/09/14 10:49am 原文:http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.skysports.com%2Ff1%2Fnews%2F12433%2F9472706%3F&urlrefer=12f785c3902ae679f612274c08c01887 The FIA have issued another Technical Directive to the teams to clarify what will and will not be permitted as they clampdown on team radio transmissions from this weekend’s Singapore Grand Prix. Charlie Whiting wrote to all 11 teams last week stating that radio communication relating to the performance of the driver and the car would be banned with immediate effect. He has since given further clarification to the teams as to what will be banned heading forward, including some rules that will be only introduced from the Japanese GP onwards. Coded messages will be banned and the wording - "any message that appears to be coded" – should make it easier for the stewards to penalise anyone they suspect to be circumventing the rules. The clampdown on performance related messages over the radio will also apply to pitboards and pit-to-car telemetry that can tweak settings remotely is also banned. Messages that will still be allowed: - Acknowledgement that a driver message has been heard. - A competitor’s lap time. - Their own lap and sector time. - Gaps to a competitor during a practice session or race. - Information about a competitor*s likely race strategy. - Tyre choice at next pitstop. - Front-wing adjustment at their next pitstop. - The number of laps a competitor has done on a set of tyres during a race. - A competitor’s tyre compound. - Being told to increase their pace (E.g. “Push hard” or “push now”). - Who they are likely to be racing (E.g. “You will be racing XX”). - Warning of a puncture. - Information on yellow and blue flags. - Safety Car deployment. - Problems with a competitor’s car. - Team orders. - Laps remaining. - Help with finding a gap in qualifying. - DRS enabled and disabled notifications. - Infractions by team, driver or competitor (E.g. running off track, missing a chicane, time penalty). - Track information (E.g. Wet track, oil or debris at certain corners). - Damage to the car. - Reminders to check for white lines leaving and entering pits and weighbridge lights. - Weather information. - Test information (Eg. Set speed runs for aero-mapping). - When to pit. Messages that are banned: - Sector time detail of a competitor and where they are faster or slower. - Adjustment of powerunit settings. - Answering a driver’s direction question (E.g. "Am I using the right torque map?"). - Level of fuel saving needed. - Any message that appears to be coded. - Information on tyre temperatures and pressures (from Japan onwards). - Balancing the SOC (state of battery charge) or adjusting it for performance. - Number of burn-outs required prior the race. - Warning of brake-wear or temperatures (from Japan onwards). - Learning of gears from gearbox (from Japan onwards). - Start maps related to clutch position, for race start and pit stops. - Information on clutch maps or settings (E.g. bite point). - Brake balance and brake-by-wire information. - Adjustment of gearbox settings. - Information on fuel flow settings (unless requested to do so by Race Control). - Adjustment of powerunit settings to de-rate system. - Selection of driver default settings (unless there is a clearly identified problem with the car).
【F1的TR禁令】别管他们,他们知道自己在干啥! LEAVE THEM ALONE, THEY KNOW WHAT THEY’RE DOING! RADIO BAN HANDS F1 BACK TO DRIVERS 别管他们,他们知道自己在干啥!——F1的TR禁令 POSTED BY: JAMES ALLEN | 11 SEP 2014 The FIA’s latest tactical directive, to ban F1 teams from communicating information about the car’s performance and “coaching” them in how to drive the cars, will come into force from next weekend’s Singapore Grand Prix. 国际汽联最近的战术指令时禁止F1车队通过在“赛车状况”的交流平台上指导车手如何驾驶赛车,这条禁令从下周末的新加坡站开始生效。 The decision follows wide ranging discussions within the F1 Strategy Group, which is looking at ways to improve the presentation of F1 and the image of the world’s best drivers being told what to do constantly by engineers was seen as detrimental. 这个决定引起F1智囊团的广泛讨论,这个决定目的在于提高F1的精彩程度,以及世界上最好的车手却要经常被工程师告知该如何去做——这种形象太掉价了。 There is a growing acceptance within the teams and the stakeholders that more needs to be done to build up the drivers, to make them heroes again. The debate over F1 becoming too easy for the drivers has been ongoing all season, particularly in light of 16 year old Max Verstappen being handed a 2015 Toro Rosso race seat. This new ruling will make life harder for young drivers like Verstappen and this year’s rookie sensation Daniil Kvyat. 车队中越来越多的人达成共识,F1掌门人也认为需要做些什么来重塑车手的英雄形象。今年正在进行的整个赛季中,关于车手方面的争论随处可见,特别是年仅16岁的Max Verstappen将要拿到2015年小红牛的比赛细微。新规则对于像Verstappen这样的新车手以及今年的新菜鸟科维亚特来说,日子将会很艰苦。 As with all such directives it’s the same for everyone and as it has come from inter-team discussions they will already have evolved a coded system of messaging, which will mean nothing to fans who hear it. 有了这样的禁令对每个人来说都一样,因为车队内部的话题是他们已经有了信息传递的代码系统,而对于听到的车迷来说这些代码没什么意义。 One thing fans will also miss out on with this new measure is moments of TV gold such as Kimi Raikkonen’s legendary response to his then Lotus engineer Simon Rennie en route to the 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix victory, “Leave me alone I know what I’m doing” 由于这个禁令,车迷们还会错过TV黄金时刻,就比如2012年阿布扎比站获胜的Kimi对他在路特斯的工程师西蒙雷尼的传世经典回应,“别管我,我知道自己在干啥。” In the same race Raikkonen chided Rennie for telling him to keep working the tyres behind the safety car, “Yes, yes, yes. You don’t have to keep telling me I’m doing it all the time!” 在同一场比赛中Kimi训斥雷尼有关反馈他安全车状态下保持轮胎的工作状况等消息,“知道了知道了知道了。你不用一直跟我说我正在做的事情。” But the serious side of it is that the drivers will have to raise their game in terms of decision making and management of the car. Pit stops and strategy calls are exempt, but Mercedes drivers asking for “driving advice” and all the other performance related calls will not be permitted. 但是严肃的一面是车手将不得不提升他们在比赛中做决定的能力和管理赛车的能力。停站通知和策略上的通知都是允许的,不过像梅赛德斯的车手们问询“驾驶建议”以及有关其他方面的沟通都是不允许的。 The FIA directive said: “In order to ensure that the requirements of Article 20.1 of the F1 sporting regulations are respected at all times FIA intends to rigorously enforce this regulation with immediate effect. 国际汽联禁令指出:“为了确保F1运动规则条款20.1的有效性,本禁令需马上严格执行。” “Therefore, no radio conversation from pit to driver may include any information that is related to the performance of the car or driver.” “因此,车手进行P区无线电交流的内容不能包括赛车或者车手的状况。” The Article in question is the one that was brought in to outlaw driver aids like traction control and ABS and active suspension, which says, “The driver must drive the car alone and unaided.” 文章质疑的方面就是这种无线电通讯为违纪车手带来就像牵引力控制系统和ABS或者主动悬挂那样的帮助,这意味着,“车手必须独自、独立驾驶赛车。”
【╋━】别管他们,他们知道自己在干啥!——F1的TR禁令 LEAVE THEM ALONE, THEY KNOW WHAT THEY’RE DOING! RADIO BAN HANDS F1 BACK TO DRIVERS 别管他们,他们知道自己在干啥!——F1的TR禁令 POSTED BY: JAMES ALLEN | 11 SEP 2014 The FIA’s latest tactical directive, to ban F1 teams from communicating information about the car’s performance and “coaching” them in how to drive the cars, will come into force from next weekend’s Singapore Grand Prix. 国际汽联最近的战术指令时禁止F1车队通过在“赛车状况”的交流平台上指导车手如何驾驶赛车,这条禁令从下周末的新加坡站开始生效。 The decision follows wide ranging discussions within the F1 Strategy Group, which is looking at ways to improve the presentation of F1 and the image of the world’s best drivers being told what to do constantly by engineers was seen as detrimental. 这个决定引起F1智囊团的广泛讨论,这个决定目的在于提高F1的精彩程度,以及世界上最好的车手却要经常被工程师告知该如何去做——这种形象太掉价了。 There is a growing acceptance within the teams and the stakeholders that more needs to be done to build up the drivers, to make them heroes again. The debate over F1 becoming too easy for the drivers has been ongoing all season, particularly in light of 16 year old Max Verstappen being handed a 2015 Toro Rosso race seat. This new ruling will make life harder for young drivers like Verstappen and this year’s rookie sensation Daniil Kvyat. 车队中越来越多的人达成共识,F1掌门人也认为需要做些什么来重塑车手的英雄形象。今年正在进行的整个赛季中,关于车手方面的争论随处可见,特别是年仅16岁的Max Verstappen将要拿到2015年小红牛的比赛细微。新规则对于像Verstappen这样的新车手以及今年的新菜鸟科维亚特来说,日子将会很艰苦。 As with all such directives it’s the same for everyone and as it has come from inter-team discussions they will already have evolved a coded system of messaging, which will mean nothing to fans who hear it. 有了这样的禁令对每个人来说都一样,因为车队内部的话题是他们已经有了信息传递的代码系统,而对于听到的车迷来说这些代码没什么意义。 One thing fans will also miss out on with this new measure is moments of TV gold such as Kimi Raikkonen’s legendary response to his then Lotus engineer Simon Rennie en route to the 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix victory, “Leave me alone I know what I’m doing” 由于这个禁令,车迷们还会错过TV黄金时刻,就比如2012年阿布扎比站获胜的Kimi对他在路特斯的工程师西蒙雷尼的传世经典回应,“别管我,我知道自己在干啥。” In the same race Raikkonen chided Rennie for telling him to keep working the tyres behind the safety car, “Yes, yes, yes. You don’t have to keep telling me I’m doing it all the time!” 在同一场比赛中Kimi训斥雷尼有关反馈他安全车状态下保持轮胎的工作状况等消息,“知道了知道了知道了。你不用一直跟我说我正在做的事情。” But the serious side of it is that the drivers will have to raise their game in terms of decision making and management of the car. Pit stops and strategy calls are exempt, but Mercedes drivers asking for “driving advice” and all the other performance related calls will not be permitted. 但是严肃的一面是车手将不得不提升他们在比赛中做决定的能力和管理赛车的能力。停站通知和策略上的通知都是允许的,不过像梅赛德斯的车手们问询“驾驶建议”以及有关其他方面的沟通都是不允许的。 The FIA directive said: “In order to ensure that the requirements of Article 20.1 of the F1 sporting regulations are respected at all times FIA intends to rigorously enforce this regulation with immediate effect. 国际汽联禁令指出:“为了确保F1运动规则条款20.1的有效性,本禁令需马上严格执行。” “Therefore, no radio conversation from pit to driver may include any information that is related to the performance of the car or driver.” “因此,车手进行P区无线电交流的内容不能包括赛车或者车手的状况。” The Article in question is the one that was brought in to outlaw driver aids like traction control and ABS and active suspension, which says, “The driver must drive the car alone and unaided.” 文章质疑的方面就是这种无线电通讯为违纪车手带来就像牵引力控制系统和ABS或者主动悬挂那样的帮助,这意味着,“车手必须独自、独立驾驶赛车。”
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