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虚拟与现实 - 数字仿真的实在性问题(转) 数字化生存的关键在于将世界转换为电脑可处理的形式,因此当代生活越来越适应于计算性的表达。借助于数字仿真技术,电脑网络建构了一个与以往经验世界迥然不同的虚拟世界,使对人们千百年来居于其中而确信不疑的“真实世界”提出了质问。虽然任何文化都有虚拟的一面——尤其是神话、宗教、艺术所构造的虚拟世界,是每个民族、每个时代的文化中最有魅力的部分;然而,当代网络文化的虚拟与此前诸种虚拟形式有了质的差异。简单地说,神话、宗教、艺术以至政治意识形态所建构的虚拟世界是想象的产物,而电脑网络所建构的虚拟世界却是计算的结果。想象与计算是两个完全相异的过程:前者是康德所言的“审美表象的自由运动”,在感性直观中构造出本身并不出场的对象;后者却是海德格尔所言的限定(stellen)和强求(herausfordern),让世界以指定的方式向存在者展现。网络文化的技术基础——数字仿真,正是对于世界的强求和限定性展现。电脑网络基于计算而构造的虚拟形象、虚拟空间以至虚拟现实,使人类生活日益进入虚实难辨的状态。但它并非虚假的而是真实的,是一个在交往中建构起来的感性世界。正是通过它,世界被长期遮蔽的另一面才得以揭示,也为反思已有的生活世界提供了对照与契机。
《黑客》是一种很玄的东西:关键词A-Z(转载) A 爱丽丝漫游仙境(Alice In Wonderland)   1860年,在英国作家刘易斯·卡罗(Lewis Carroll)充满想象力的笔触下,好奇的爱丽丝在追逐兔子的过程中,悠然掉入了一个曼妙神奇的梦幻世界。1999年,在沃卓斯基兄弟的《黑客帝国》中,怀疑世界出了问题的尼奥则追随一个有小白兔纹身的性感女郎来到地下Rave Party,从此而一发不可收拾,走入真实的荒漠。  书中的第一章是这样写的:"……但是,那只兔子当真从背心口袋里掏出一只怀表,还看了看,然后又匆匆跑了。爱丽丝一下子站了起来,脑子里闪过一个念头,因为以前她从未看见兔子有背心口袋,而且,还能从里边掏出一块怀表来。在好奇的驱使下,她跟在兔子后面越过了一片田野,幸好看见它窜进了灌木丛下的一个大兔子洞。 爱丽丝随即就跟着它进去了,想都没想她怎么再出来。"碰巧的是,《黑客帝国》中人类的最后基地锡安也埋藏在地下世界。而且,在书中,有一只参加茶话会的冬眠鼠,《黑客帝国》中则有一个角色叫"老鼠"。"冬眠鼠"dormouse这个词来自拉丁文中的dormire,意思是睡眠。而孟菲斯Morpheus这个名字就是希腊神话中的睡神。影片中还有一个叫Dozer的人,这个词除了打瞌睡的意思以外,还代表一种挖掘的机器,这就又回到了我们开始的地方——洞穴的意象  我们是不是可以把爱丽丝当作《黑客帝国》的童话版呢?或者,《黑客帝国》是爱丽丝的成人版?
Bullet-time walk through Capturing the Action: Bullet-Time Photography Super slow motion would be relied on heavily in the stylization of the action scenes in "The Matrix," but certain moments in the script called for something special. These scenes required dynamic camera movement around slow-motion events that approached 12,000 frames per second. The Wachowskis called it "bullet-time photography."This "Flow-Mo" process allows filmmakers almost unlimited flexibility in controlling the speed and movement of on-screen elements. For example, a fighter leaping into the air to kick his opponent could accelerate to the apex of his leap, appear to hover in the air, extend his leg in a lightening-fast movement, and then gently descend to the ground. Joel Silver describes the process as similar to "full-cel animation, only with people." The Wachowskis met with JOHN GAETA, the visual-effects director at Manex, a visual-effects facility in Northern California, to discuss their goals. Says Gaeta, "The Wachowskis are from the comic-book culture, and are therefore familiar with the Japanese animation style called anime, which we re-created with live actors for this movie. Anime takes advantage of 'the physics of decimation' ?it breaks down action into its components and allows those elements to be meticulously controlled to build the most dramatic effect from dynamic movement."Gaeta's team and the filmmakers first blocked out the action that was going to be rendered and filmed the scene using conventional cameras. Then they scanned the images into a computer and, using a laser-guided tracking system, "mapped out" the movements of the camera that would capture the final scene. A series of sophisticated still cameras was placed along the mapped path, each of which would shoot a single still photo. Then the photos were scanned into the computer, which created a strip of still images, similar to animation cels. The computer generated "in-between" drawings of the images ?much as animators draw frames to move their characters smoothly from one pose to another ?and the completed series of images could be passed before the viewers' eyes as quickly or slowly as the filmmakers wanted without losing clarity. Obviously, this painstaking technique takes time and precision, but it renders moving objects and people in a completely new way. Says Joel Silver, "It's like the Japanese films "Ghost in the Shell" or "Akira" ?but ours is a real-life film depiction of anime, whereas those are animated films. We're used every kind of visual effect utilized before and taken each one step further."
The Value of Reality:Cypher&The Experience Machine Cypher is not a nice guy, but is he an unreasonable guy? Is he right to want to get re-inserted into the Matrix? Many want to say no, but giving reasons for why his choice is a bad one is not an easy task. After all, so long as his experiences will be pleasant, how can his situation be worse than the inevitably crappy life he would lead outside of the Matrix? What could matter beyond the quality of his experience? Remember, once he's back in, living his fantasy life, he won't even know he made the deal. What he doesn't know can't hurt him, right?Is feeling good the only thing that has value in itself? The question of whether only conscious experience can ultimately matter is one that has been explored in depth by several contemporary philosophers. In the course of discussing this issue in his 1971 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia Robert Nozick introduced a "thought experiment" that has become a staple of introductory philosophy classes everywhere. It is known as "the experience machine":"Suppose there were an experience machine that would give you any experience you desired. Superduper neuropsychologists could stimulate your brain so that you would think and feel you were writing a great novel, or making a friend, or reading an interesting book. All the time you would be floating in a tank, with electrodes attached to your brain. Should you plug into this machine for life, preprogramming your life's desires?...Of course, while in the tank you won't know that you're there; you'll think it's all actually happening. Others can also plug in to have the experiences they want, so there's no need to stay unplugged to serve them. (Ignore problems such as who will service the machines if everyone plugs in.) Would you plug in? What else can matter to us, other than how our lives feel from the inside?" (43)Nozick goes on to argue that other things do matter to us: For instance, that we actually do certain things, as opposed to simply have the experience of doing them. Also, he points out that we value being (and becoming) certain kinds of people. I don't just want to have the experience of being a decent person, I want to actually be a decent person. Finally, Nozick argues that we value contact with reality in itself, independent of any benefits such contact may bring through pleasant experience: we want to know we are experiencing the real thing. In sum, Nozick thinks that it matters to most of us, often in a rather deep way, that we be the authors of our lives and that our lives involve interacting with the world, and he thinks that the fact that most people would not choose to enter into such an experience machine demonstrates that they do value these other things. As he puts it: "We learn that something matters to us in addition to experience by imagining an experience machine and then realizing that we would not use it." (44)While Nozick's description of his machine is vague, it appears that there is at least one important difference between it and the simulated world of The Matrix. Nozick implies that someone hooked up to the experience machine will not be able exercise their agency — they become the passive recipients of preprogrammed experiences. This apparent loss of free will is disturbing to many people, and it might be distorting people's reactions to the case and clouding the issue of whether they value contact with reality per se. The Matrix seems to be set up in such a way that one can enter it and retain one's free will and capacity for decision making, and perhaps this makes it a significantly more attractive option than the experience machine Nozick describes.
系统诞生前的时间表 Timeline--Humans Create Machines to Automate redundant tasks. --Artificial Intelligence is created. --Robots take the form of pets. --Robots take humanoid forms. --Humanoid Robots, combined with AI live amongst humans as workers. --B166ER attacks and murders his owner. --The President orders the destruction of all robots. --Riots erupt protesting the destruction of robots. --Millions of robots are destroyed. --The survivors flee to the cradle of human civilization where they create the first robot city, 01. --Anti-gravity technology is developed. --The first non-humanoid AI robots appear. --The city of 01 prospers as an industrial civilization. --Ambassadors of 01 ask to join the United Nations, but are refused. --The humans launch a nuclear attack on 01, but the robots are not affected by radiation or heat. --The Robots strike back and launch attacks on the rest of the world. --The humans attempt to destroy the robot's power source by blackening the sky. --The War comes to a climax, with the robots as the victors. --While conscious, humans were used as a power supply. --The Robots, as an act of mercy, proposed a new deal to the UN. The humans would allow their bodies to be used as a power supply, in exchange, their minds would be placed in a virtual reality program. --The first Matrix was created, in the image of a perfect world. --Human minds rejected this reality and many died. --A second matrix was created in the image of earth in the late 20th century.
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