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古代著名宫廷暗杀事件:西拿基立暗杀案部分细节[1P] 由于基教圣典的影响,西拿基立(西立基拿……呃,年轻人我的习惯性错误,Sennacherib)之死,影响深远,但内容很简洁。 通过其他资料,凶手已呈现,名为:Arda-Mullisi。(是否存在黑幕,未知) 在公元前694年左右,埃兰人攻入巴比伦城,镇守巴比伦城乃西拿基立的长子,新亚述王储兼巴比伦王:Aššur-nādin-šumi,被埃兰人掳走。 下任皇储为:Arda-Mulliss。本该如此…… 西拿基立不知出于何种考虑,选择以撒哈顿((Aššur-ahu-iddin)作为皇储! 似乎通过宣誓仪式,给了他一个新名字: Aššur-etel-ilāni-mukīn-apli。意为:“Ashur, prince of the gods, is establishing an heir.”(阿淑尔,诸神之王,确定的继承人) 注:这几位新亚述国王,似乎都有两个以上的名字,一个是出生时的名字,一个是王位名字。“ Ashur-etel-ilāni-mukīn-apli,伟大的亚述国王辛那赫里布的皇太子(的财产) ”——刻有铭文的新亚述花瓶。 这样的方式,仍不能令Arda-Mulliss服气,他谴责以撒哈顿是叛徒,西拿基立可能出于一种保护,让以撒哈顿离开皇宫。 随后就是众所周知西拿基立死亡。支持以撒哈顿的一方赢得胜利。 现时,共有三个古代文本提供了西拿基立遭暗杀的叙述。 《巴比伦编年史》没有道出凶手名字。 《基教圣典〉说了西拿基立被两个儿子杀害。 Berossus,著名的巴比伦史料家:西拿基立遭Arda Mullissi暗杀,但他的异母兄弟,Axerdis (以撒哈顿),反过来杀了他。 三个文本都很简洁。 芬兰亚述学家:Simo Parpola,于编号ABL 1091泥板中,找到先前未能发觉到的,暗杀事件的一部分内容! 尽管该泥板破残严重,仍有部分内容可辨读: “当他们听说叛乱时,一位官员要求面圣,Nabû-šuma-iškun 与Si[llaya] 这两位官员就问:你要对圣上说什么?官员答道:关于Arda-Mulliss。于是这位官员被蒙着面带到“王”的面前,开口说到道:“您的儿子Arda-Mulliss想暗杀您’,”。结果面罩一拉下来,官员这才发现眼前的是Arda-Mulliss……” 如若该泥板叙述可信(尽管不能全信),一位忠臣觉察到阴谋,需要面圣,可最后没能面见国王,最终被另两位官员阴了,最终没能拯救西拿立基。
泥板故事里的“恩基变乱语言”说法,存在重大分歧! 《恩美卡尔与阿拉塔之王》(《Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta》) 国外亞述學网站Enenuru,进行了讨论,再次激起本人好奇。上世纪著名苏美学大师,克雷默在他著作中,将《恩美卡尔与阿拉塔之王》154-155行的翻译,解释成了家喻户晓的“恩基变乱人类语言”。顺势带了一波《圣典》(所谓圣经)。 Note 101: S.N. Kramer, Geneva NS (1960), p. 276. Kramer thinks to have found evidence about the rivalry of Enlil and Enki in the so-called "Golden Age" passage, where Enki by the speculation of Kramer developed in JAOS 63 (1943) pp. 191-94, and further developed in JAOS 88 (1968), pp. 108-11, confuses the toungues of humankind to stop them giving praise to Enlil in one language. The real meaning of the nam-sub of Nummud contained in lines 136-155 of "Enmerker and the Lord of Aratta" epic still contains many uncertainties. For opposite views to Kramer, cf. Th. Jacobsen's interpretation in Fs. Talmon (1992), pp. 403-416. Enki's inferior position towards Enlil is represented in one of the epiphets of Enki, den-líl-bàn-da (Cf. Enmerker and the Lord of Aratta: 128: den-líl-bàn-da-ke-en-gi-ra-ke4: Junior Enlil of Sumer). His status as "younger Enlil" does not reflect his smaller importance directly. However, it states that Enki is seen as an organiser of Earth instead of Enlil. The rivalry motive is however present in the later Flood stories. Cf. W. W. Hallo JAOS 110 (1990)....." 然而,问题产生了,牛津大学苏美语电子文库没有呈现克雷默叙述的内容。 相反,牛津译文给出的是,恩基是尽可能在统一语言。 ——————————————————————————————————————————————134-155. "Chant to him the holy song, the incantation sung in its chambers -- the incantation of Nudimmud: "On that day when there is no snake, when there is no scorpion, when there is no hyena, when there is no lion, when there is neither dog nor wolf, when there is thus neither fear nor trembling, man has no rival! At such a time, may the lands of Šubur and Ḫamazi, the many-tongued, and Sumer, the great mountain of the me of magnificence, and Akkad, the land possessing all that is befitting, and the Martu land, resting in security -- the whole universe, the well-guarded people -- may they all address Enlil together in a single language! For at that time, for the ambitious lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings, Enki, for the ambitious lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings, for the ambitious lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings -- Enki, the lord of abundance and of steadfast decisions, the wise and knowing lord of the Land, the expert of the gods, chosen for wisdom, the lord of Eridug, shall change the speech in their mouths, as many as he had placed there, and so the speech of mankind is truly one.""拱玉书先生著作中,译文也得出与牛津大学文库类似:恩基统一人类语言。 个人倒对152行的译文选字,抱有不同见解。mas-su,既有“专家/首领”之意,拱玉书先生选择了“首领”。 但考虑到前文,129行内容中,恩基被称为“小恩里勒”。 从细节上考量,152行应选为:“诸神专家”较为稳妥。
震惊,一文本内容:Meslamtaea是马杜克(Marduk)! In regards to Nergal/Erra being a "scorching" god, a concept that I have been trying to follow up is: Nergal as the underworld sun, i.e. an aspect of Šamaš. The sparse mentions of this that I can find refer back to Langdon, for instance in Babylonian Liturgies (download) he states (p. 61) that Nergal is "the aspect of the sun in the lower world." But especially in Sumerian Liturgies and Psalms (download) he refers (p. 331) to a text dealing with the solstices. The relevant lines appear in Livingstone's Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works, p. 257: When I chose you, when I sought you from/with 160 Neck/Load, stone. From the 18th of Tammuz to the 28th of Kislim is 160 days. On the 18th of Tammuz Nergal goes down to the underworld. On the 28th of Kislim he comes up. Šamaš and Nergal are one. The 18th of Tammuz is the summer solstice, and the 28th of Kislim is the winter solstice. During this time Nergal remains in the underworld. The last line is the most interesting, with the equation of Šamaš and Nergal. Another mystical text (KAR 307) points in a similar direction, Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea, p. 101: 40 double hours is the disc of the sun. 60 double hours is the disc of the moon. The inside of the s[un is Ma]rduk. The inside of the moon is Nabû. Inside Sun there is a viper, [his] ... Inside the m[oon] is his [mot]her. The dagger above the lion is of the hand [of ...]. Meslamtaea is Marduk, who rises from and goes down to the underworld, because Aššur chased him into a hole and opened its gate. Marduk here is described as the force within the sun, not surprising since his name literally means "the son, the sun," see the first tablet (lines 101-102) of Enuma eliš for a play on the meaning of his name. Marduk is then equated with Meslamtaea (=Nergal), whose movement of rising from and going down to the underworld reminds one of the movement of the sun. And the "Great Twins" Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea described in a ritual text, Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works, p. 191: Lugalgirra is Sin, the eldest son of Enlil. Meslamtaea is Gilgameš. Gilgameš is Nergal, who dwells in the underworld. Sin and Nergal appear together elsewhere, such as in a Late Babylonian copy of Atrahasis where they are assigned to guard the middle earth. Normally we would expect Sin and Šamaš together; that Nergal appears instead may refer to his solar aspect. May I propose, then, that Nergal/Erra is not just the "scorching" god, but the scorching sun; the transfer of power from Marduk to Erra may represent the good and evil sides of the sun. 来自国外enenuru论坛内容 Meslamtaea=涅伽尔,这是共知。 渔人杜穆兹的故土,库阿城,供奉的守护神,根据资料,存在两个分歧,一说为:Meslamtaea,另一说为:Asarluhi(注:这个是恩基之子,但由于后期巴比伦崛起,Asarluhi这个名字被马杜克同化。这两者实质上是不同的神)。 库阿(Kuara):《苏美王表》乌鲁克第一王朝第三任大佬:渔夫-杜穆兹的家乡。守护神为Asarluhi也被认为是Asarluhi的出生地。(注:《世界神话词典》,“阿萨卢希<苏-阿>”,第420页,辽宁人民出版,1989年)但wiki另引资料所言,该城守护神为Meslamtaea(Nergal)。通过一些资料,可以看到,涅伽尔与马杜克,有种随着时代变化,进而不同的痕迹。 国外论坛倒是直接给出:“Meslamtaea,是马杜克”,这样的文本内容作为参考。 还被阿淑尔追?!!
牛津大学苏美语文库:恩基变乱语言?喵喵喵?! 《恩美卡尔与阿拉塔之王》(《Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta》) 国外亞述學网站Enenuru,进行了讨论,再次激起本人好奇。上世纪著名苏美学大师,克雷默在他著作中,将《恩美卡尔与阿拉塔之王》154-155行的翻译,解释成了家喻户晓的“恩基变乱人类语言”。顺势带了一波《圣典》(所谓圣经)。 Note 101: S.N. Kramer, Geneva NS (1960), p. 276. Kramer thinks to have found evidence about the rivalry of Enlil and Enki in the so-called "Golden Age" passage, where Enki by the speculation of Kramer developed in JAOS 63 (1943) pp. 191-94, and further developed in JAOS 88 (1968), pp. 108-11, confuses the toungues of humankind to stop them giving praise to Enlil in one language. The real meaning of the nam-sub of Nummud contained in lines 136-155 of "Enmerker and the Lord of Aratta" epic still contains many uncertainties. For opposite views to Kramer, cf. Th. Jacobsen's interpretation in Fs. Talmon (1992), pp. 403-416. Enki's inferior position towards Enlil is represented in one of the epiphets of Enki, den-líl-bàn-da (Cf. Enmerker and the Lord of Aratta: 128: den-líl-bàn-da-ke-en-gi-ra-ke4: Junior Enlil of Sumer). His status as "younger Enlil" does not reflect his smaller importance directly. However, it states that Enki is seen as an organiser of Earth instead of Enlil. The rivalry motive is however present in the later Flood stories. Cf. W. W. Hallo JAOS 110 (1990)....." 然而,问题产生了,牛津大学苏美语电子文库没有呈现克雷默叙述的内容。 相反,牛津译文给出的是,恩基是尽可能在统一语言。 ——————————————————————————————————————————————134-155. "Chant to him the holy song, the incantation sung in its chambers -- the incantation of Nudimmud: "On that day when there is no snake, when there is no scorpion, when there is no hyena, when there is no lion, when there is neither dog nor wolf, when there is thus neither fear nor trembling, man has no rival! At such a time, may the lands of Šubur and Ḫamazi, the many-tongued, and Sumer, the great mountain of the me of magnificence, and Akkad, the land possessing all that is befitting, and the Martu land, resting in security -- the whole universe, the well-guarded people -- may they all address Enlil together in a single language! For at that time, for the ambitious lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings, Enki, for the ambitious lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings, for the ambitious lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings -- Enki, the lord of abundance and of steadfast decisions, the wise and knowing lord of the Land, the expert of the gods, chosen for wisdom, the lord of Eridug, shall change the speech in their mouths, as many as he had placed there, and so the speech of mankind is truly one.""拱玉书先生著作中,译文也得出与牛津大学文库类似:恩基统一人类语言。 个人倒对152行的译文选字,抱有不同见解。mas-su,既有“专家/首领”之意,拱玉书先生选择了“首领”。 但考虑到前文,129行内容中,恩基被称为“小恩里勒”。 从细节上考量,152行应选为:“诸神专家”较为稳妥。
重新认识两河神话:《冥界女王的婚礼》(NERGAL与ERESHKIGAL) Source: Harris, Rivkah (2000). Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia: The Gilgamesh Epic and other ancient Literature. University of Okahoma Press, Normal. © All rights reserved. Here reproduced for aid in research and studies purposes. Nergal与Ereshkigal的神话(像其他神话一样多义)反映,表达和体现了关于人类性行为和男女关系的观点。我相信,女神和神是象征性的,古人认为女性与男性的特征。 现存的两种不同版本的Nergal和Ereshkigal神话。较早的一个,发现于埃及的Tell El-Amarna,可追溯到公元前十五或十四世纪,是一个非常简短且可能不完整的大约90行的故事。来自Sultantepe的公元前七世纪晚期的亚述版本要长得多,可能包含大约750行。来自乌鲁克的后来的新巴比伦片段恢复了该主题故事中遗漏的一些段落。这两个版本都有许多空白和存在,因此存在许多问题; 在文中的许多重要时刻,留下一个猜测。然而,故事的基本轮廓及主题是相当清楚的。 天神决定举行宴会。根据宇宙规则,天堂之神不能下降到地下世界,也不能将神圣的神灵提升到天堂。因此,一位使者被派往冥界,拜见伟大女主人-Ereshkigal,让她派遣一名使者接受她的“食物部分”。冥界女王特使登上了“通往天堂的漫长楼梯”。 天神们恭敬的站起来迎接Namtar(年轻人注:死与命运之神,冥府二把手),或根据Uruk版本跪在Namtar面前,迎接这位冥界特使。(英文原文里,所有神都站着或跪着……注意,所有神……)除了一个光头的Nergal,不为所动。特使Namtar回去后,反应了这个事情,冥府认为这是大不敬!然后Nergal必须弥补他的过错,前往冥界接受审判! —————————————————————————————————————————— 注:没想到该故事居然有750行,吓年轻一跳!另,这是本人所知晓的,最早的“火之子不跪土之子”,在该故事里,明确提到涅伽尔的另一个名字,埃拉,这是阿卡德词根,跟炙热,灼烧有关!Namtar,冥界使者,两河流域故事里,在冥界最低阶的群众,是吃土的,当然,冥界二把手有酒有面包,这个都是小意思。
【严肃讨论】苏美文明的“圣婚XXOO”,极有可能是“文学发明” 希罗多德带给现代人的概念:神妓。后来被进一步理解是:“圣婚”且有神圣XXOO仪式。 但现代学者,如J.E.Frazer作出的“圣婚”解释,至今仍被认为是绝对正确,圣婚有,但没有XXOO。著名的亚述学家,苏美学大师-克雷默,带给了我们无数关于苏美文明的文字解读与相关的文化知识。有关苏美人的“圣婚”就是其中之一。从文学作品上支持了“圣婚”的说法。Sacred marriage The practice of sacred prostitution has not been substantiated in any Ancient Near Eastern cultures, despite many popular descriptions of the habit. Through the twentieth century, scholars generally believed that a form of sacred marriage rite or hieros gamos was staged between the king of a Sumerian city-state and the High Priestess of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare, but no certain evidence has survived to prove that sexual intercourse was included. Along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers there was a temple of Eanna, meaning house of heaven dedicated to Inanna in the Eanna District of Uruk. While there may well have been some religious prostitution in the temples of Inanna/Ishtar, Assante suggests the concept of the 'sacred marriage' (hieros gamos) has been misunderstood. It was previously believed to have been a custom whereby the king coupled with the high priestess to represent the union of Dumuzid with Inanna (later called Ishtar). It is much more likely that these unions never occurred but were embellishments to the image of the king; hymns which praise Middle Eastern kings for coupling with the goddess Ishtar often speak of him as running 320 kilometres, offering sacrifices, feasting with the sun-god Utu, and receiving a royal crown from An, all in a single day. One scholar comments: "No one, to the best of my knowledge, has been so wooden-minded to propose that human actors played the role of Utu and An at the banquet." Not all authors are convinced, however. Other modern historians argue that the temple did house priestesses of the goddess, but there is no evidence that they performed any kind of sexual services in any cult. 虽然不否认在爱之女神寺庙里,可能有啪啪行为。对,可能而已。 Code of Hammurabi In Hammurabi's code of laws, the rights and good name of female sacred sexual priestesses were protected. The same legislation that protected married women from slander applied to them and their children. They could inherit property from their fathers, collect income from land worked by their brothers, and dispose of property. These rights have been described as extraordinary, taking into account the role of women at the time. 苏美时代稍后的汉莫拉比时期,其《法典》中明确保护着女祭司。 —————————————————————————————————————— According to the early scholar Samuel Noah Kramer, towards the end of the third millennium BC, kings of Uruk may have established their legitimacy by taking on the role of Dumuzid as part of a "sacred marriage" ceremony.[26] This ritual lasted for one night on the tenth day of the Akitu,[26][27] the Sumerian new year festival,[27] which was celebrated annually at the spring equinox.[26] As part of the ritual, it was thought that the king would engage in ritualized sexual intercourse with the high priestess of Inanna, who took on the role of the goddess.[26][27] In the late twentieth century, the historicity of the sacred marriage ritual was treated by scholars as more-or-less an established fact,[28] but, in the early 2000s, largely due to the writings of Pirjo Lapinkivi, many scholars began to reject the notion of an actual sex ritual, instead seeing the concept of a "sacred marriage" as the result of a misinterpretation of Sumerian literary texts.[28] —————————————————————————————————————— WIKI Dumuzi 词条引自2017年悉尼大学的亚述学博士:Louise Pryke的著作中,就指出XXOO是对“圣婚”的文学曲解。
阿卡德语叙事诗:《萨尔贡与狮子》(Sargon and the Lion) 文件名:JCS 31, 229 (Sargon and the Lion) 萨尔贡与狮子 古巴比伦时期,阿卡德语 版本A,泥板编号:UM 29-13-668 版本B,泥板编号:St Étienne 150 出土地:尼普尔,版本B来源未知 由宾夕法尼亚大学采集 版本A 内容 Text A UM 29-13-688 1 x-ir-[…] 2 [i-n]a e-ni k[a-li-šu-nu…] 3 ša kiš-š[a?-tim…] 4 ⸢ta⸣-ma-li šu-… 5 ga-na l[u …] 6 i-na šar-ri ka-[li-šu-nu…] 7 šu-ut kiš-[ša-tim...] 8 ta-ma-li šar-ru-[tam…] 9 ga-na lu-[…] 10 ip-te dGÌR.[UNUG.GAL …] 11 i-[…] 12 i-na GIŠ.ḪUR ṣir?-[…] 13 x x[…] 14 ip-te dGÌR[.UN]UG?.GA[L? …] 15 i-di-[in? …] 16 ŠÀ UR.MAḪ na-ad-r[i …] 17 x-x-šu ša 18 ⸢li⸣ […] break Rev. break 1 x[…] 2 ma-[…] 3 a-a-ú-um TAB.B[A?....] 4 // ú-ki-il um-ma-[nam…] 5 ma na-aḫ-ra-rum ga-n[a…] 6 be-el mar-ṣa-tim li-i[d …] 7 // pa-ag-[x x …] 8 ú-ul aš-šum-ma ša-[…] 9 ri-ig-mi-šu ša-[...] 10 // ú-ul i--ḫi a-di ma-[aḫ-ri-šu] 11 ù a-na-ku šar-ru-[…] 12 // UR.MAḪ-ku-nu na-ad-⸢ru⸣ 13 ma-am-ma-an ú-ul i--ḫ[i] 14 // a-na ú?-tu?-ti-ia […] 15 i-na ki-ma mi-it-ḫu-ri-[im …] 16 šu-mi zu-⸢uk⸣-ra-[am …] 17 [u]-ul i-pa-ar-ri-[ku] 18 // [pa]-ni-iš [NI]Mki i-[…] 19 x-x-x 版本B 内容 Text B St. Étienne 150 1 ⸢x-x-x x⸣[…] 2 ma-an-na-šu š[a…] 3 a-i-ú-um tap-pu-⸢šu⸣[…] 4 na-aḫ-ra-ru ga!-na 5 be-el mar-ṣa-tim li-⸢id-di?-x⸣[…] 6 ú-ul aš-šum-ma-a ša-lum-ma-tì-šu [x] 7 ù ri-ig-mi-šu ša-gi-mi-im [x] 8 ú-ul i-ṭe-eḫ-ḫi ma-am-ma-an 9 a-na-ku Šar-ru-gi-in ne-iš-ki-nu ⸢na-ad⸣-ru 10 ma-am-ma-an ú-ul i-ṭe4-ḫi a-na ki-iṣ-ṣe-ia Edge 11 ik-ki-ma mi-it-ḫu-ri-im-ma 12 šu-mi zu-uk-ra-[am] 13 ú-ul i-pa-ar-ri-ku pa-ni-iš ⸢GIŠ.EREN?⸣ 14 ù at-ta mi-ta-ḫa-ar dUTU-ma 15 ni-im-ri ga-ṣi??-ṣú li-ba-aš uz-za 16 bu-i lem-nam bu-nu-uš la x-ḫu-x-ma ----- ----- 17 za-a-a-ru mu-du-ú a-ru-ú a-na-an-ta 18 7 KALAGmeš a-ša-re-du-šu 19 li-mi ša ú-ut-ta-ku kab-ta-as-sú 20 [š]it-pa da-pí-nu qú-ra-du-um 21 id-di-x[…] break Left side 22 še?-na-ti-šu ki-⸢i⸣x-di […]
古老的基什囚犯石匾,折射“基什文明”有力的文本证明[4P] 《An archaic “prisoner plaque” from kis》 作者:Piotr Steinkeller,哈佛大学-近东研究学院,2013年发表于《亚述学和东方考古学杂志》(《Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale)。 匿名的私人藏品。著写此文的Steinkeller教授是从同事那里获知,自述没有机会见到实物,无法阅读原文以及核对铭文。好在照片质量高清,很好地保证文字的阅读。透过照片对文字的辨别。得到大量信息,填补对两河流域早王朝时期认知不足的空白。注:音译内容与照片都可上CDLI上查阅。图片来源自CDLI 石匾材质:大理石 时期推断:公元前2900-2700年 苏美早王朝1期或2期时期 汉白玉(alabaster,雪花石膏?大理石的一种)雕刻而成的牌匾,正面雕刻两名角色,可能是基什的将军(注:有其他看法,二人是基什的阿卡德人)。教授提出猜想:如果石匾有完整部分,两名男子在向战神扎巴巴展示战利品,进行供奉;背面则有六栏铭文。通过铭文字形来判断,与早王朝2期乌尔城邦发现的古文本风格相似,教授保守估计属于:公元前2750年-2600年之物。但铭文其他符号有乌鲁克早期文字特徵,故时间提高到公元前2900年。因此,教授与CDLI上给出:ED I-II (ca. 2900-2700 BC),这样的判断。 以铭文可辨读部分,得出:大约二十五个地方的俘虏人数被安排到果园(或农场)工作。此为25个地名列表,红色数字为笔者本人标注的俘虏数。 与苏美人法拉时期(公元前2600年)写作习惯不同,文本提及二十五个地名里,没有一个使用“KI”这一限定符号。 初步简洁翻译,建议如下: 二十五个地方的俘虏36000人之数,被分配到打谷场上从事生产,石碑立于基什。 神-扎巴巴,充满男子汉气概。(注:也可以理解为:“在神-扎巴巴保护之下”或“扎巴巴是保护神/守护神”) 抄写员:Amar-ŠID。 牌匾雕刻的文本信息若反应了真实,那么,我们从中得知了早期基什对外扩张的历史(或军事行动)。 大约二十五个地名中,被抓俘虏数最多的Šubur(俘虏数6300人),这是苏美语读法,既我们后来所熟知的:亚述 (Assyrian)。这是目前已知的文字记载中,“亚述”这一名字最古老的出现时间。 (注:SUBAR,多数学者认为属亚述这个地区的早期名称,Steinkeller教授很明显也这么认为。也有其他理论指出是不同地方。也可以理解为两河人士的地理方位:东方-埃兰,西方-阿摩利,南方-苏美,北方-亚述。) 引用教授原话: To begin with, it is the earliest truly historical source that survives from ancient Mesopotamia. No less important, it provides priceless information about the formation and the territorial conquests of the state of Kiš during the early phases of the ED period. In this connection, particularly eloquent is the mention of 6,300 captives acquired in the land of Šubur (Assyria). Here one witnesses not only the oldest occurrence of Assyria’s name, but also a palpable proof of Kiš’s foreign expansion. The plaque also confirms what had been suspected by some scholars (this one among them) about the early Kišite state, in particular, its hegemonic and militaristic character。 尽管我们都知晓乌鲁克出土的泥板文本很古老(公元前3200年),遗憾的是,那些文本多以记述经济记录,词汇表,简单的事物列表。传达的“历史信息”相当有限。基什这块公元前2900-2700年左右的石匾不同。虽没提到国王(破损处可能提到)但一个名为Mes-nun之人,赫然在列(CDLI可查)。Steinkeller教授认为是基什的王子。更有意思的是,《苏美王表》上基什第二王朝第八任大佬也是这个名字,治世180年。E文WIKI苏美王表与汉译本对比 基什文明(Kish civilization)的有力文本证明: 基什在两河流域早期历史发挥的重要作用,我们并不陌生。笔者最崇拜的亚述学家-雅各布森,在1939年就指出:“基什之王”(King of Kish)这一称号的独特性。并有“尼普尔同盟”,“基什为该联盟的盟主”等见解。(注:这个联盟是有迹象显示,但还是没有具体过硬的考古材料或泥板内容能核实。) 1977年,亚述学者-Ignace Gelb更是进一步提出“基什文明”:基什影响范围远至埃勃拉,马里,阿布萨拉比克(Abu Salabikh)等地。Gelb认为基什是这一文明圈的核心,因此得名。 如今通过基什囚犯石匾叙述之内容:“大约二十五地方,3万6千人俘虏之数”,基什确实可以将自己的影响力凭借军事实力(或其他方面)施加给其他地区。笔者认为,作出这一系列行为的基什领导者,极有可能是《苏美王表》提到的埃塔纳。虽然考古上还是没有能支持此人的存在。 值得说明的是,长达一个世纪的误解“认为阿卡德人是游牧民族”的根源,或许是源自基什大范围的影响力与军事实力。虽有亚述学者-Benjamin Foster,于《The Age of Agade.Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia》一书中,明确强调:“没有证据表明早期阿卡德人比两河流域其他民族更游牧”,恐怕误解与认知不足,仍会继续存在。 另外,这恐怕是最早的两河流域囚犯记录。也流露出一种情况,Steinkeller教授认为早期没有很好约束的俘虏乖乖从事生产的机制,因此面对庞大的俘虏数量,极有可能残忍的挖去双眼。这在后来的两河流域历史上屡见不鲜。笔者这里倒是有不成熟的个人看法:由于没有早王朝1-2期挖去俘虏双目的文本记述,该牌匾也没任何一处提到。俘虏到底瞎了没,恐怕是历史悬案。若建立在“没有割瞎俘虏”的前提下,推测“基什王”及基什的军队有能力让俘虏们心悦诚服。 笔者能力有限,就此落笔。 参考资料: enenuru论坛 WIKI:Kish civilization CDLI 《苏美王表》 Steinkeller教授文章提到的《LGN牌匾》,以及考古发现早王朝2-3期的一位基什国王“Enna-il”等,使得教授作出评估,基什这个政体,发展到早王朝2-3时,显现出成熟的领土国家,而不是城邦国家。教授对二十五个地名讲解分析,“基什楔形文字”等。此等好文,推荐大家阅读。 文章地址: http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-d-assyriologie-2013-1-page-131.htm&urlrefer=85bc25251ef91f71c6b19b38c9cbf9e8
来自古亚述时期的《萨尔贡传奇》外文翻译[2P] 1 King Sargon, 2 king of Akkade, the market city, 3 strong king, who speaks with the gods. 4 Adad has given him strength: 5 from sunrise 6 to sunset 7 I conquered the land and 8 in a single day, 9 I gave the weapon to 70 cities. 10 I captured their princes and destroyed their cities. 11 I swear by Adad, lord of strength, 12 and I?tar, mistress of battle: 13 I saw a gazelle and threw a brick 14 into the river. When 15 I was running, my girdle broke and 16 I provided myself with a snake and I ran (on) 17 and caught the gazelle. I rose the brick out of the water. 18 I swear by Adad and I?tar: 19 1 thousand oxen, 6 thousand 20 sheep I truly slaughter every day. 21 7 thousand are my heroes who 22 eat briskets in my presence every day. 23 3 thousand are my runners 24 who eat long parts (of meat). 25 1 thousand are my cupbearers 26 eat the top part 27 of the lower legs until 28 being satisfied. 29 My ... invited and 30 my 7 thousand heroes Rev. 31 ate briskets. For 32 the last (man) there was not enough brisket. 33 He slaughtered his ox 34 from Ku?am(m)anu belonging to his seat and 35 gave to the last (man) 36 a brisket. My cook 37 burnt mediocre (meat)(?) and 38 as his punishment he slaughtered 1 hundred oxen, 39 2 hundred sheep, and I/he 40 fed my servants. I swear by Adad 41 and I?tar: For 7 years, one month 42 and two weeks I truly stayed in the darkness 43 together with my troops. 44 Coming out (again), I tied 45 a (measuring) reed of carnelian and lapis lazuli, and 46 for the land 47 I made a division. The mountain ?umanum 48 I divided in two parts and as 49 a peg (= boundary marker) between them I erected 50 my image. The prince 51 of Tukri? I dressed in an (animal) skin. 52 (The men of) ?udura – I applied slave marks to their heads. 53 Ala?ia – I covered their heads like 54 that of a woman. 55 The penis(es) of the Amorites 56 I chopped as if cutting off their noses. 57 The heads of the Kilarites 58 I tied with straps. 59–60 I released the sutu??us of the people of Kani?. 61 I shaved the middle of the heads of (the men of) ?atti. 61–62 I pierced the Lu?means with a toggle-pin. As for Qut?tum, Lullu and ?a??u: I slit open their cloths. 63 I touched three fringes of the sky with my hands. Why should 64 I make numerous (words) on tablets? Does Anum not know me, (and ) that I am the king 65 (and that) I seized the upper and the lower land? 66 May they increase the regular offerings for me. Adad is king. de Ridder, JaschaTransliteration, bibliography, indices28/05/2011 Hess, Christian W.Cataloguing01/01/2012 Streck, Michael P.Corrections, translation, commentary24/06/2016德国与以色列的联合项目 译文中明确提到:”阿摩利人的JJ,像割鼻子一样砍了“ 另外,这个版本,吃饭的是七千位英雄(战士)?
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