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【转】【资讯】科学家确定人类发源地——非洲大陆[1P] 原标题:外媒:科学家确定人类发源地——非洲大陆 【环球网综合报道】在阿尔及利亚一个难以置信的发现帮助古生物学家确定了人属(Homo)真正的发源地以及人类祖先离开该地区的可能时间,相关结论发表在《科学》杂志上。 俄罗斯卫星通讯社11月30日报道,西班牙国家人类进化研究中心专家穆罕默德·萨努尼(Mohamed Sahnouni)表示:"人属出现后,我们的祖先似乎不止居住在东非,而是在整片非洲大陆生活,包括大陆北部地区。可以说,围绕‘人类摇篮'地位的所有争论都没有意义,因为整片大陆都是人类的发源地。" 现在,古生物学家和人类学家对现代人类发源地以及第一批人类出现的时间和长相存在争议。非洲两个地方,埃塞俄比亚阿瓦什国家公园和南非奥杜威峡谷的"人类摇篮"都想获得人类发源地的地位。 在这两个地方,首批人属代表或类似生物出现于大约260-240万年前。他们具体生活在哪里,又何时开始向全球扩散,目前不太清楚,引发激烈讨论。 萨努尼和他的同事在阿尔及利亚东北部Ain Boucherit镇进行发掘工作过程中发现,这些争论毫无意义。这里埋藏着更新世初期形成的岩石,已有240-190万年的历史,科学家常在这种岩石中发现那一时期巨型动物的遗骸。 十多年前,西班牙古生物学家遇到一个奇怪的沙石层,里面有大量的古代动物的骨骼。萨努尼和他的团队在实验室对这些残骸进行研究后发现,上面有大量奇怪的划痕和切口,类似屠宰痕迹。 萨努尼团队因此返回Ain Boucherit镇做进一步发掘,寻找这些伤口可能的"制造者"。他们并没有找到人类遗憾,但一下找到了两套典型的"奥杜威"石斧、刮刀和其他劳动工具。 事实上,这两套劳动工具都出乎意料的古老,有240-190万年的历史。这表明,几乎人属一出现,奥杜威"技术"的承载者就深入到北非,而这里距离南非奥杜威峡谷甚至其北部"竞争者"埃塞俄比亚阿瓦什国家公园都有数千公里。 萨努尼认为,这一发现对现在越来越流行的一种说法有利,即我们的祖先和智人并不是在非洲某一具体的地点出现,而是发源于非洲大陆不同地区。 萨努尼称,近期其他发现,如在埃塞俄比亚发现的LD 350-1化石和280万年前最古老人属化石,都是这种说法的有利例证。他总结道,这一结论可以解决所有争论,解释。
所以哪位神的形象跟”蜥蜴人沾边“?! 毫无疑问,类人干尸令人感到惊异。由此联想到欧贝德遗迹出土的东西,见下图:嗯,仿佛预见到“外星人”“蜥蜴人”等信众会被吸引至此,以致上蹿下跳。 1996年的类人干尸,被名为:“乌拉尔外星人“。随后04年报道指出,那是核辐射导致的早产婴儿悲剧。类似干尸在全球还有几处,那么,是否都如而”乌拉尔“一样。是婴儿基因突变导致?骗局之声也同样不乏于耳。 由此反推,欧贝德遗迹出土的文物,其一,当时人们的想象雕刻。其二,早产异类。 ”安努那奇,蜥蜴人“……………… One of the main functions of the Anunna gods was to decide the fates (Falkenstein 1965: 131), as attested, for example, in the Sumerian myth Enki and the World Order (ETCSL 1.1.3, l. 207). However, already in the Sumerian sources the Anunna are sometimes associated with the netherworld, as evidenced in the myth Inana's Descent into the Netherworld (ETCSL 1.4.1, line 167), where the Anunna, the seven judges, pass judgement over Inana's trespassing into the netherworld. The suggestion that in the Sumerian textual corpus, Anunna are only mentioned in literary texts and that there is no evidence for their worship (Falkenstein 1965) will have to be reconsidered in light of new textual evidence from the Ur III period, in which it appears that offerings were made to Anunna (Anunna on CDLI). However, as there are only three attestations from administrative texts, the evidence is still rather meagre. The meaning of the term Anunna changed after the Old Babylonian period, when it was used to describe the gods of the netherworld, in opposition to the term Igigi (Black and Green 1998: 34). In some cases, Igigi seems to have the same meaning that Anunna had in Sumerian texts (Kienast 1965: 143). The so-called Babylonian Creation Story, Enūma eliš TT (Tablet VI, lines 39-44), narrates how Marduk assigned 300 Anunna gods for duty in the heavens, and the same number for duty in the netherworld, giving a total of 600 Anunna gods (Foster 2005: 470).苏美语与阿卡德语差别,诸君可感受一下。所以到底念苏美语还是念了阿卡德语,心里要有数。 无论如何,本人努力回想各博物馆中藏品,有关神祇形象,发现……没见哪个苏美或阿卡德神祇像欧贝德这些这模样。
埃兰银杯解读:阿卡德萨尔贡国王名义上的其他妻子-神Narunte 阿卡德的萨尔贡王,其妻Tashlultum,未必是唯一的阿卡德王后候选人。该名字来自一文物上的铭文,大意为:我的宠儿,我的猎物(?)。该文物CDLI上可查。早些年本贴吧讨论过该人物。 传言萨尔贡将卢加尔扎格西妻子NTR,因此获胜后抢了Tashlultum过来。但正如”阿卡德乃游牧民族“,本人绞尽脑汁搜寻该说法出处无疑所获一般,该NTR传言也明显是一种脑洞说法,毫无依据可言。 该传言源头相信源自《乌尔扎巴巴与萨尔贡》C版(第三段)内容,该故事剧情里,萨尔贡似乎贿赂了卢加尔扎格西妻子(未见名字),以至于卢加尔扎格西没有依乌尔扎巴巴之言,处决萨尔贡。(不过该段落残缺严重,具体究竟如何不得知)这里本人仍是很肯定的告诉诸位看客,萨尔贡NTR卢加尔扎格西,该说法仍未见确实出处,《乌尔扎巴巴与萨尔贡》C段落内容也根本没见类似NTR内容。 埃兰胜利女神-Narunte(注:似乎读音不同的缘故,国内著作译:那伦底(Narudi)女神,也是胜利女神,应指同一位),战争女神Kiririsa的妹妹。(注:Kiririsha)在1966年出土的埃兰文物-埃兰银杯上,赫然刻着埃兰线性文字:Narunte女神与阿卡德的萨尔贡结婚,战争女神Kiririsa给予的祝福语。 1.1 Swiftly now mead, our elixir of peace. 1.5 Did I act foolish? 1.7 Perhaps I will visit the forest clearing. 2.1 Food, I started to make you some food, 2.4 new honey from the wedding people, 2.6 pieces of meat I am setting out. 3.1 Have the heart to court Sarkan! 3.3 Farewell to power. 3.4 I will go fetch at dawn food made by the wedding people, [and] 4.1 the marry-words father for our ceremony. 5.1 Whomsoever of the family now, I am not eager. 5.3 I started; I did a brief trip. 6.1 Iron the new gown; I left you time. 7.1 Sumer courting man Sargon, champion of foolish mead. 8.1 To court the man Sargon, a new gown I am making. 8.3 I created you this [goblet] and new heddles not smashed by a sword. 8.7 At the blaze of dawn we shall go. 9.1 Peace of the deep sea. 换言之,萨尔贡除了Tashlultum,这么一位妻子以外,其名义上,还有另一位妻子,埃兰的胜利女神。 引自:《Decipherment of the Silver Cup of Elam》作者:Stuart L. Harris
一万人直属部队:乌尔第三王朝最后的力量[1P] §8.5. Regarding the reliability of numbers, the situation is probably similar for the one text that gives the largest number of soldiers explicitly attested in a military context, for all the documents we have seen for this period: the 10,000 aga3-us2 (2 × 5,000) commanded by Apillaša (text [F] above §3.2). Again, it must be kept in mind that this document from the royal correspondence of Ur is not an administrative tablet but a literary text. And even if an original letter was actually written by Aradmu, we cannot know how much reality resides in this breakdown of 10,000 regular soldiers: we have to consider the possibility that the author of the letter sought to impress his interlocutor, or that the scribes who “canonized” or “re-created” this letter may have rounded off the total number of soldiers, either to exaggerate or to minimize it. §8.6. Finally, armies of several tens of thousands, as seen in documentation from the time of the Mari kings or from that of the neo-Assyrian empire, cannot in any case be seen explicitly in our Ur III texts. Therefore, we do not know ultimately with what means the kings of Ur were engaged in all these faraway fights that they undertook, as mentioned at the beginning of this work. Nevertheless, P. Michalowski recently pointed out a great number of erin2 troops stationed in Susiana, which can perhaps be glimpsed from administrative tablets dating to Šulgi’s final years. At that time, several tens of thousands troops (erin2) seem to have been stationed in such cities as Susa or AdamDUN. These cities could have thus been staging areas, virtually dominated by military personnel ready to go to war. And, according to Michalowski, “massive armies” were gathered there during the wars of Šulgi’s final years, this influx of soldiers having perhaps doubled the population of Susiana at that time: “some of these troops come from Sumer, some were local, and some came from other vassals, allies and provinces.” Ultimately and according to him, “the impact of a large military presence in the border areas should not be underestimated.”[109] §8.7. Nothing is available for the army on campaign, nor on siege warfare (unlike the situation for the time of the Mari kings for example), or on military strategy. These are still questions for which the silence of our sources, because of their nature, is unfortunately almost absolute.[110] 《The Army of the Kings of Ur: The Textual Evidence》来源:CDLI 该文第八章节,讲解了皇家部队的数量。 换言之,撇开驻军,王室直属部队最多不超过1万人。而且还可能是夸大(也可能夸小)了,毕竟这不是行政碑文…… 所以,当各地危机不断之时,乌尔第三王朝的困境就开始了。 汉莫拉比时期,埃兰王进入到埃什努纳时,其军队数量达4万人之多,这可能是乌尔第三王朝—至—汉莫拉比早期这个时间段里,出现的人数最多的军队。 这也可能是古巴比伦王朝之前,两河流域前所未有的部队数量。
严肃讨论:Sumer一词,究竟音译:苏美还是苏美尔?[1P] 苏美尔,国内任何著作,文章均一律采用该中译名。 在本吧有个异类。人人都说苏美尔,苏美尔人,苏美尔文明,唯独这个异类念:苏美,苏美人,苏美文明。 对,这个异类毫无疑问就是本人。 不知国内是否因先入为主的观点,后来者们,考虑都不用考虑,直接念苏美尔。有一种事情,叫:约定成俗。更有可能叫,墨守成规?? 不才年轻人,以孤陋寡闻的学识,来辨别一下到底Sumer是不是念:苏美尔。 在本人理解的翻译工作上,有音译,意译,润译。 在意思不明确的前提下,采用音译。音译选字以译者的不同,可以五花八门,忽略。润译……也忽略。 Sumer,这个英文的发音该怎么念呢?并没有ru这个音啊,所以苏美尔的“尔”是怎么冒出来的?口音的不同而不同吗? 我国宝岛,台湾省学者,刘增泉先生,其书籍内容来看一下。念的是苏美。 Sumer一词,最初的倡议者,法国学者:Oppert。可能发错了音。正确的阿卡德语读音,WIKI上写为:shumer,或shumeru。 需知,写与读,可能存在偏差。 那为何学界上仍是用Sumer一词呢?这个不清楚。本人闲逛各大学府HP,都以Sumer搜资料。 年轻人我没学过阿卡德语,以肤浅的理解去判断,shumer恐怕是正确发音。无论如何,还是没有ru…… 综上所述:Sumer或shumer,这个音译名,该怎么念呢?
神妓?这是希罗多德带的一手好节奏吗? The research of Daniel Arnaud, Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, Julia Assante, Stephanie Budin[6] and others has cast the whole tradition of scholarship that defined the concept of sacred prostitution into doubt. Budin regards the concept of sacred prostitution as a myth—arguing that the practices described in the sources simply never existed. A more nuanced view, espoused by Pirenne-Delforge, suggests that ritual sex did exist in the Near East, but not in the Greek or Roman worlds in classical or Hellenistic times.[6] Sacred marriage The practice of sacred prostitution has not been substantiated in any Ancient Near Eastern cultures, despite many popular descriptions of the habit.[7] Through the twentieth century, scholars generally believed that a form of sacred marriage rite or hieros gamos was staged between the king of a Sumerian city-state and the High Priestess of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare, but no certain evidence has survived to prove that sexual intercourse was included. Along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers there was a temple of Eanna, meaning house of heaven[8] dedicated to Inanna in the Eanna District of Uruk.[9] While there may well have been some religious prostitution in the temples of Inanna/Ishtar, Assante suggests the concept of the 'sacred marriage' (hieros gamos) has been misunderstood. It was previously believed to have been a custom whereby the king coupled with the high priestess to represent the union of Dumuzid with Inanna (later called Ishtar).[10] It is much more likely that these unions never occurred but were embellishments to the image of the king; hymns which praise Middle Eastern kings for coupling with the goddess Ishtar often speak of him as running 320 kilometres, offering sacrifices, feasting with the sun-god Utu, and receiving a royal crown from An, all in a single day. One scholar comments: "No one, to the best of my knowledge, has been so wooden-minded to propose that human actors played the role of Utu and An at the banquet."[11] Not all authors are convinced, however.[10] Other modern historians argue that the temple did house priestesses of the goddess, but there is no evidence that they performed any kind of sexual services in any cult.[12][13][14][15] 这跟“阿卡德人是游牧民族”一样,这种目前仍未发现决定性证据的说法,连怀疑或疑问都不用,上来就盖帽或带着歪节奏吗?
秃子与头发,秃鹫碑与萨尔贡碑刻的对比【多P】 埃安那吞-秃鹫碑,残片部分,现存法国卢浮宫 “该碎片另一面的主场景是神宁吉尔苏,他左手持一张巨网,套住了许多裸体俘虏。一个俘虏在逃跑时被网丝刺破头,由被宁吉尔苏一顿棍打。通过石碑上的楔形铭文知道,逃跑者是基什王卡勒布姆(Kalbum),他是温马的盟友。网上部宁吉尔苏手握的是他的标志狮头安朱鸟(Anzu或Im-dugud)。”————引自 刘昌玉先生博文内容秃鹫碑另一片段,秃鹫吞噬敌人 ——————————————————————————————————————阿卡德时期碑刻图像,现存卢浮宫 国王带领队伍胜利游行。学者判断属萨尔贡碑刻,但碑刻上没有任何信息能确实的指向萨尔贡!萨尔贡碑刻另一个片段,秃鹫吞噬敌人,上部分则为俘虏敌人由于残缺严重,碑刻上唯一的楔形文字信息:伊拉巴。 秃鹫碑文字信息大体全面,没啥争议。这伊拉巴(Ilaba)碑刻则扑朔迷离,甚至具备任何开放性的推测结果。 秃鹫碑与伊拉巴碑刻(萨尔贡碑刻)初略一看,有三个风格一致的共同点: 1、用网束缚住敌人 2、头锤敲打敌人首领 3、秃鹫攻击敌人 细节差别在于: 1、秃鹫碑网着的敌人,七零八落,都是光头;萨尔贡碑刻网着的敌人都有头发,坐着,并伸出手来。 2、试图从网中挣脱出来的逃跑者,一个光头,另一个则是长发! 学者:Lorenzo Nigro,在他优秀的文章中,《The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief 》(本人搓译:《萨尔贡的两块碑刻:阿卡德皇室开创的图像学与视觉宣传浮雕》)认为网中探出头的长发者,是温玛兼乌鲁克第三王朝国王:卢加尔扎克西(Lugal-zage-si),网中七位坐着的俘虏,是苏美联军(五十个城邦的联军)的其中七位首领,他们坐着向萨尔贡伸手,可能意味着屈服,妥协。 另其他观点,则认为探出头的长发者,是萨尔贡的前上司,基什王:乌尔扎巴巴,网中七位坐着的,皆是阿卡德人,依据是:头发! ———————————————————————————————————————————————— 本人不才,按目前能找到两河流域,苏美早王朝至阿卡德时期“有头发”的国王或城主雕像,几乎没有。 拉格什-乌尔南什,光头(注:古地亚不确定,带帽居多……有些光头雕像归其名下,但并不确凿) 阿达布-Labaldalu,光头 乌尔军旗,上层阶级皆光头(见下图)当然,也有个别长头发(不确定?)的雕刻或雕像身份可能显赫,但大多没有铭文描述,不清楚其身份。乌鲁克雕刻里就有身份显赫之人,带着“帽子”留有头发(不确定?),拉弓射杀猎物。以现有信息判断,这个时期苏美人的国王或城主,他们的打扮可能都是光头!但我们也知道,不同时期,或不同人,都有不同打扮。麦斯卡拉姆杜格(Meskalamdug)的金盔,乌尔第一王朝第一任国王Aannipada之父。注意该头盔的发结! 这个头盔,或许证明,麦斯卡拉姆杜格本人也是个光头。 (注:话说本人搜索的时候,居然能搜到麦斯卡拉姆杜格是“基什之王”?!?!简直莫名其妙,出处是哪?)马里城主-Lamgi(注:本人没详细查证)被认为是萨尔贡或纳拉姆辛的青铜头像现存大英博物馆,基什王头盔(注:同样没详细查证)
神妓?我读书少,请不要帮着希罗多德来棍我![4P] The practice of sacred prostitution has not been substantiated in any Ancient Near Eastern cultures, despite many popular descriptions of the habit.[7] Through the twentieth century, scholars generally believed that a form of sacred marriage rite or hieros gamos was staged between the king of a Sumerian city-state and the High Priestess of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare, but no certain evidence has survived to prove that sexual intercourse was included. Along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers there was a temple of Eanna, meaning house of heaven[8] dedicated to Inanna in the Eanna District of Uruk.[9] While there may well have been some religious prostitution in the temples of Inanna/Ishtar, Assante suggests the concept of the 'sacred marriage' (hieros gamos) has been misunderstood. It was previously believed to have been a custom whereby the king coupled with the high priestess to represent the union of Dumuzid with Inanna (later called Ishtar).[10] It is much more likely that these unions never occurred but were embellishments to the image of the king; hymns which praise Middle Eastern kings for coupling with the goddess Ishtar often speak of him as running 320 kilometres, offering sacrifices, feasting with the sun-god Utu, and receiving a royal crown from An, all in a single day. One scholar comments: "No one, to the best of my knowledge, has been so wooden-minded to propose that human actors played the role of Utu and An at the banquet."[11] Not all authors are convinced, however.[10] Other modern historians argue that the temple did house priestesses of the goddess, but there is no evidence that they performed any kind of sexual services in any cult.[12][13][14][15] but there is no evidence that they performed any kind of sexual services in any cult. but there is no evidence that they performed any kind of sexual services in any cult. but there is no evidence that they performed any kind of sexual services in any cult.
古代著名宫廷暗杀事件:西拿基立暗杀案部分细节[1P] 由于基教圣典的影响,西拿基立(西立基拿……呃,年轻人我的习惯性错误,Sennacherib)之死,影响深远,但内容很简洁。 通过其他资料,凶手已呈现,名为:Arda-Mullisi。(是否存在黑幕,未知) 在公元前694年左右,埃兰人攻入巴比伦城,镇守巴比伦城乃西拿基立的长子,新亚述王储兼巴比伦王:Aššur-nādin-šumi,被埃兰人掳走。 下任皇储为:Arda-Mulliss。本该如此…… 西拿基立不知出于何种考虑,选择以撒哈顿((Aššur-ahu-iddin)作为皇储! 似乎通过宣誓仪式,给了他一个新名字: Aššur-etel-ilāni-mukīn-apli。意为:“Ashur, prince of the gods, is establishing an heir.”(阿淑尔,诸神之王,确定的继承人) 注:这几位新亚述国王,似乎都有两个以上的名字,一个是出生时的名字,一个是王位名字。“ Ashur-etel-ilāni-mukīn-apli,伟大的亚述国王辛那赫里布的皇太子(的财产) ”——刻有铭文的新亚述花瓶。 这样的方式,仍不能令Arda-Mulliss服气,他谴责以撒哈顿是叛徒,西拿基立可能出于一种保护,让以撒哈顿离开皇宫。 随后就是众所周知西拿基立死亡。支持以撒哈顿的一方赢得胜利。 现时,共有三个古代文本提供了西拿基立遭暗杀的叙述。 《巴比伦编年史》没有道出凶手名字。 《基教圣典〉说了西拿基立被两个儿子杀害。 Berossus,著名的巴比伦史料家:西拿基立遭Arda Mullissi暗杀,但他的异母兄弟,Axerdis (以撒哈顿),反过来杀了他。 三个文本都很简洁。 芬兰亚述学家:Simo Parpola,于编号ABL 1091泥板中,找到先前未能发觉到的,暗杀事件的一部分内容! 尽管该泥板破残严重,仍有部分内容可辨读: “当他们听说叛乱时,一位官员要求面圣,Nabû-šuma-iškun 与Si[llaya] 这两位官员就问:你要对圣上说什么?官员答道:关于Arda-Mulliss。于是这位官员被蒙着面带到“王”的面前,开口说到道:“您的儿子Arda-Mulliss想暗杀您’,”。结果面罩一拉下来,官员这才发现眼前的是Arda-Mulliss……” 如若该泥板叙述可信(尽管不能全信),一位忠臣觉察到阴谋,需要面圣,可最后没能面见国王,最终被另两位官员阴了,最终没能拯救西拿立基。
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