学术研究要求我们仔细审查信息并评估其可信度。因此，当我们思考各种现象时，我们会检验经验数据，并精心制作详细的解释来证明我们的解释是
正确的
。构建我们的研究叙事的一个重要组成部分是提供支持的证据和例子。
　　我们提供的证据类型可以支持我们的主张，也可以让读者对我们的分析感到困惑或怀疑。重要的是，我们要使用适当的、合乎逻辑的短语，清晰地引导读者从一个观点到下一个观点。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论在何种情况下应该使用证据和示例，并对可用于支持论点的有效语言进行分类。
　　When to introduce evidence and examples
　　证据和例子为你的主张奠定了坚实的基础。没有证据，你的论点就缺乏可信性和说服力。因此，当你介绍例子的时候，确保在需要的时候明智地提供证据，并使用短语来恰当而清晰地解释证据是如何支持你的论点的。
　　你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来，当你：
　　提出“非常识性”的信息;
　　根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议;
　　需要澄清之前的陈述，用一个例子会更有效;
　　需要确定一个类别的代表性例子;
　　区分不同的概念;
　　通过强调一个具体的情况来强调某一点。
　　Introductory phrases to use and their contexts
　　为了帮助你有效地支持你的陈述，下面ww w.cieae.n et将根据它们的功能组织了下面六类介绍性短语。这个列表并不全面，但它将为你提供你可以使用的短语类型的想法。
　　1.Purpose：stating information that is not “common knowledge”
　　Introductory Phrase：
　　· [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]
　　· As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered
　　· According to [Author]
　　Example：
　　· As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .
　　· According to Marks and Peters . . .
　　2.Purpose：drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data
　　Introductory Phrase：
　　· suggests
　　· as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by
　　· based on
　　· can be seen/ observed when
　　· as seen in
　　· which is made apparent when
　　· is demonstrated by/ through/ when
　　· hinges on
　　Example：
　　· The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .
　　· As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .
　　· Based on self-reported survey results . . .
　　· This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .
　　· As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .
　　· The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .
　　· The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .
　　· This conclusion hinges on . . .
　　3.Purpose：clarifying a prior statement
　　Introductory Phrase：
　　· for example
　　· for instance
　　· by way of illustration
　　· as an example
　　· to clarify
　　· to explain further
　　· namely
　　· to be specific
　　· that is,
　　· in other words
　　Example：
　　· This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .
　　· It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .
　　· By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared for . . .
　　· As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .
　　· To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .
　　· To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .
　　· Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.
　　· To be specific, bull markets can . . .
　　· That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .
　　· In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .
　　4.Purpose：identifying representative examples of a category
　　Introductory Phrase：
　　· for example/ instance
　　· such as*
　　· e.g.
　　· one/ another example
　　· like*
　　· excluding
　　· including
　　· an example being
　　*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.
　　Example：
　　· Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.
　　· The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.
　　· The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).
　　· One/ another example of this exception is . . .
　　· I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.
　　· All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.
　　· All stars, including our sun, . . .
　　· Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .
　　5.Purpose：distinguishing concepts
　　Introductory Phrase：
　　· in a similar case
　　· unlike the case of
　　· in the same way
　　· as a case in point
　　· in a typical situation
　　· in a normal scenario
　　Example：
　　· In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .
　　· Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.
　　· Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.
　　· As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .
　　· In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .
　　· In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .
　　6.Purpose：emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation
　　Introductory Phrase：
　　· for example
　　· indeed
　　· in fact
　　· notably
　　· markedly
　　· as a case in point
　　Example：
　　· Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .
　　· Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .
　　· Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .
　　· High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .
　　· Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .
　　· As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . ..