在1917年英国外交部为参加一战后的和会特地成立了一个部门用以收集参加会议需要的资料，就许多国家和地区的历史和地理资料进行了详细的收集。这些资料在巴黎和会后出版。现在LZ准备尝试翻译一下其中的第43号报告《波兰：历史概述，1569-1815 年》（实际上是一本小册子），希望大神们予以指点

2楼送上本册子封面

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Catholic Influence
Duringmost of the period under discussion the Roman Catholic Church wieldedconsiderable power, and supported the King against the disruptive tendencies ofthe szlachta. Non-Roman Catholics were called Dissidents; they consistedchiefly of Protestants in the north and Russian Orthodox in the south-east.Polish intolerance towards the Dissidents, which increased towards the end ofthe period, played into the hands of Prussians and Russians across the bordersand was a cause contributory to the Partitions.
The townswere crippled by economic restrictions which, in the interest of the bigland-owners, cut them off from connection with the country districts. Theydwindled in population and importance, lost their right of representation, andfell under the control of Jews and other aliens. The peasants-comprising the massof the population-were entirely under the jurisdiction of the lords of themanors; but, unlike Russian peasants, they could hold property and could not besold; and the fact that during the 16th and 17thcenturies peasants migrated to Poland from all parts of Europe tends to showthat at that time they enjoyed a relatively superior position.
天主教的影响
在我们讨论的大多数时期，罗马天主教会具有相当大的权力，并且支持国王反对施拉赫塔的分裂性倾向。非罗马天主教徒被称为持异议者，他们主要是在北方的新教徒和在东南部的俄罗斯东正教徒。波兰不能容忍持异议者，使得直到这一时期结束为止都有利于普鲁士和俄罗斯越过波兰的边界进行入侵，并且是使得波兰被瓜分的一个原因。
城镇因经济限制而受到削弱，出于大土地所有者的利益，城镇被切断了与农村地区的联系，他们在人口上和重要性上都逐渐减小，失去了自己的代表权，并且处于犹太人和其它外国人的控制下。包括了该国的大量人口的农民完全处于庄园主的管辖范围；但是与俄国的农民不同，他们可以拥有财产并且不得被买卖；而事实上在16和17世纪农民从全欧洲迁往波兰表明了在那时他们喜欢波兰农民较好的地位。

Internal Affairs
From 1386 to 1569 there had been a personalunion between Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon dynasty, for the purposeof defence against the Teutonic Knights. The defeat of the Teutonic Knightsraised up a new enemy on the eastern frontier of Poland, viz.Russia; and inorder to secure Poland and Lithuania against the latter, it was determined totransform the existing personal into a political union. Many things alreadypointed to this change. The religious tolerance shown by the Jagiellon Kingswas highly appreciated by the Lithuanians, and by the middle of the 16thcentury the administration and organization of Lithuania were similar to thoseof Poland. The King and the szlachta supported, whilst the big land-owneropposed, a political union; but the most influential of the latter were finallywon over, and at the Diet of Lublin in 1569 the union become law. It isessential to note that at the time it was really a voluntary union, and the oppositionto it was largely subsequent and due to other causes, such as the later Polishtreatment of the Russian Orthodox religion. Poland and Lithuania in this waybecome two halves of one state.
内政
从1386年至1569年之间以防御条顿骑士团为目的曾出现雅盖隆王朝统治下被波兰和立陶宛之间的个人联盟。条顿骑士团的失败使得波兰的东部边境兴起了一个新的敌人，即俄罗斯；为了保障波兰和立陶宛能够对抗后者，它决心将现有的个人同盟改变为政治联盟。许多事情已经指向了这一变化。雅盖隆王朝所显示的宗教宽容被立陶宛人高度赞赏，并且在16世纪中叶立陶宛的行政机关和组织已经与波兰十分类似。当大土地所有者反对政治联盟时国王和施拉赫塔支持它，并且更有影响力的后者最终胜利，使得1569年的卢布林会议将联盟确定为法律。有必要注意的一点是在当时它是一个自愿组成的联盟，而之后由于其他原因出现了大量的反对，如之后波兰对俄罗斯东正教的待遇。波兰和立陶宛就通过这种方式成为了一个国家的两个部分。

@米南德 这个可以申精吗？

Whilethey had in common an elective king, a Senate of temporal and spiritual dignitaries,a Diet(which met at Warsaw), currency and the system of land tenure, eachretained its separate administration, army and laws. The whole state wasapparently an elective monarchy, but in reality a republic. Poland was known asthe Crown(Korona), Lithuania as the Principality(Kziestwo). The approximateboundaries have been given above.
尽管他们有一个共同的选举产生的国王，一个临时的元老院和一个教会首脑，一个在华沙召开的国会，货币和土地所有制，他们各自保持了分离的行政机关，军队和法律。整个国家表面上是选君政体，但事实上是一个共和国。波兰被称为是王国（Korona），立陶宛是一个公国（Kziestwo）。同时给出了一个大约的边界。

@粗鲁的猴子 什么关系你们两个。

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The reignof Henry of Anjou(1573-75)was too short to be of much importance. But two circumstancesdeserve notice. The choice of Henry was the first instance of the danger to thecountry involved by a system of election which was not confined to Poles. Thisdanger was apparently realized by the Poles, but in countering it by theintroduction of the Pacta Conventa, which the king had to sign at his election,they were involved in a second danger. The passing of the Pacta Conventa,instead of being a mere check on a foreign King, was in the end the death-blow toall central authority, as it practically relieved the nation of its dutytowards the King if he attacked the nobles.
安茹的亨利统治时间太短以至于不重要。但是这时两种情况需要注意。亨利的当选是这个国家这种不仅限于波兰人的选君制度涉及危险的第一个例子。这种危险很显然地被波兰人认识到了，但是通过引入国王在选举时需要签署的“同意协议”（拉丁语Pacta Conventa），来对抗这种危险，这让他们卷入了另一个危险。“同意协议”的通过取代了单纯的对外国国王的检查，在最后给了中央权威以致命一击，因为它实际上在国王攻击贵族时就解除了国家对国王的义务。

6楼的存疑句在此更改翻译为：但是任何国王展示权力的行为都会使施拉赫塔祭出“绝对所以权”的名义加以对抗

Like his predecessor, Zygmunt the third(1587-1632) supported the Roman Catholic Reaction, not so much from bigotry as from the realization of the fact that the church was the one power left which was capable of checking the disruptive tendencies of the Reformation and the disorderliness of the nobles. The same influence was probably responsible for the Congress of Brest(1596), which created the Uniat Church in Galicia and the Ukraine. A portion of the Orthodox clergy, followed by the nobles and most of the bishops, agreed to a union with the Church of Rome, submitting to the Pope and accepting the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, while retaining the use of the vernacular(Little Russian) in their services, and other local privileges. But the towns, many Orthodox priests and the mass of the peasants still remained Orthodox. In the long run this religious difference, added to those which were economic of political, was fatal to Polish influence.
与他的前任一样，齐格蒙特三世（1587-1632）支持天主教保守主义，与事实相比并没有太多偏见的观念是，事实上教会是唯一能够制止宗教改革的破坏性倾向和贵族的骚乱的一种力量。有同样影响的可能是1596年的布雷斯特会议，在这个会议上创造了加利西亚和乌克兰的东仪天主教会。一部分东正教神职人员、贵族和大部分主教同意与罗马天主教会联合，服从教皇并且接受罗马天主教的教义，同时保留了在礼拜时使用本地方言（小俄罗斯语）和其它一些地方特权。但在城镇当中，许多东正教牧师和大量的农民始终保持了正统东正教。长远来看，这种宗教上的差异加上经济和政治上的差异，给波兰造成的影响是致命的。

ExternalAffairs
Stephen Batory’s foreign policy hadbeen directed towards the strengthening of the Polish power in the regionsnorth of the Black Sea and on the Baltic; and for this purpose he depended uponthe development of an efficient army with which to fight Turkey and the Tartarsin the south, and Russia and Sweden in the north. Batory was the first toorganize the irregular border troops in the Ukraine(called the Cossacks) intoregiments of cavalry, thus creating a precedent which was later on to beadopted on a successful scale by Russia. He further increased his army by ennoblingmany of his soldiers and even peasants. His Baltic policy, however, was interruptedby a Russian invasion of Livonia. The Russians were defeated in 1582, and Polandrecovered Livonia and gained the Duchy of Polotsk. Batory’s reign was too shortto be permanently beneficial.
外部事务
斯蒂芬·巴托里的外交政策一直旨在加强波兰在黑海北岸地区和波罗的海地区的力量，为了达到这个目的他依靠发展一直高效的陆军，用以在南方对抗土耳其和鞑靼人，在北方对抗俄罗斯和瑞典。巴托里是第一个将乌克兰的非正规边境部队（被称为哥萨克）编成了骑兵团的人，后来这一先例被俄罗斯成功的吸收。他通过将许多士兵甚至是农民封为贵族来进一步增强他的军队。然而他的波罗的海政策被一场俄罗斯对利沃尼亚的入侵而打断。俄罗斯人在1582年被打败，波兰人恢复了对利沃尼亚的统治并且获得了波洛茨克公国。巴托里的统治时间太短使得无法长期受益。

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sb系统不停吞贴