The Lesson of Panama CanalPanama Canal, one of the seven Wonders of the Industrial World, is about 82 kilometers long, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and is one of the two strategic man-made waterways — the other one is the Suez Canal. The building of the Canal started in 1880s under the French engineer named Lesseps, who was the engineer/builder of the Suez Canal. However, the construction work of Panama Canal was abandoned in 1889 due to bad planning, tropical disease and bankruptcy. [工程于 1889年，由于设计方案拙劣、热带疾病、财力破产 等原因而被放弃。————关靖华注：教训就在此！]After Panama became independent in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated with the Panama government about the perpetual control of a 16 kilometers wide Canal Zone for the US in return for $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000. They reached an agreement. Then the Americans restarted the construction of the Canal. They overcame the tropical disease —— malaria and with a more practical project design, completed the canal in 1914 at a cost of nearly $400 million. [他们战胜了疟疾、采用更切合实际的设计方案，于 1914 年完成。] ————————————————————未完 待续

1. 法国工程师 Lesseps 的设计方案拙劣：因为他照搬 Suez Canal 的经验，不是根据 巴拿马 的 地形，想要开凿一条水平的运河。土石方量太大。同时，工人因为患疟疾而大批死亡。2. 1905年以后，改进的设计方案是根据 巴拿马 的 地形，开凿一条有阶梯船闸(复数 locks)的运河。同时，改善工人的居住、生活条件，并且派医疗队为工人防病、治病。经过几年的艰苦劳动，才在 WWI 之前完成。3. TKS Lydia!

Ferdinand de Lesseps was a French consul(领事) in Egypt anda passionate(激情的) believer in the value of a canal over the isthmus(地峡). 他离开外交职务以后，组织了开发公司。到 1854 年获准修建 Suez 运河。工程浩大，经历 10多年，到 1869年开通。It was one of the greatest engineering fears(值得忧虑的事项) in the 19 Century.

到 1854 年获准修建 Suez 运河。1860年开工。由于工程浩大，经历将近 10年，到 1869年开通。

苏伊士运河通航以后 11 年——In 1880, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on an ambitious plan for a Panama Canal, but work was abandoned in 1888 and Lesseps and his fellow directors were charged in France with breach of trust (注：breach of contract = 违约). Their five-year in prison sentences were later reversed.这件事说明： ————1. 即使是自己的成功经验，也不能照搬。————2. 严重失职 是要 吃官司的。

苏伊士运河通航以后 11 年In 1880, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on an ambitious plan for a Panama Canal, but work was abandoned in 1888 and Lesseps and his fellow directors were charged in France with breach of trust (注：breach of contract = 违约). Their five-year in prison sentences were later reversed.这件事说明： ————1. 即使是自己的成功经验，也不能照搬。————2. 严重失职 是要 吃官司的。

人家是法治国家，100 多年前，严重失职 就要 吃官司的。反看现在的中国大陆： 严重失职 也 没有 处分。

楼主写这个帖子的目的之一是说明：俄国人学习英文、英语 依靠“国际音标 来 注音”是必要的。中国人不根据国情，长期搬用俄国人的经验，依靠“国际音标 给英语单词 注音”是错误的。年轻学生吃尽了苦头！浪费了师生的精力！

星空Austin 君，请看我的近期的帖子！

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关老师辛苦

楼主写这个帖子的目的之一是说明： 俄国人学习英文、英语 依靠“国际音标 来 注音”是必要的。 中国人不根据国情，长期搬用俄国人的经验，依靠“国际音标 给英语单词 注音”是错误的。年轻学生吃尽了苦头！浪费了师生的精力！ 作者： 关靖华

Good posts!

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有一种精神状态已经灭绝中国人用所谓的"聪明"来替代"一种可贵的精神"早晚有一天,动物园的老虎会变的跟猴子一样

这个社会太黑暗而身边的媒体却给我们营造出一种正大光明的形象