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Brazilian Portuguese is a collective name for the varieties of Portuguese written and spoken by virtually all the 180 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a couple million Brazilian immigrants and temporary workers in other countries, mainly in Canada, United States, Portugal, Paraguay and Japan. The term includes
the formal written (FW) standard, the version of written Portuguese that is taught at schools throughout Brazil and used in almost all writing;
the formal spoken (FS) standard, basically a spoken form of the above, used in formal contexts or when reading from a written text;
the informal spoken (IS) language, used in all other occasions.
The Brazilian formal written standard, which is defined by law and by international agreements with other Portuguese-speaking countries, is very similar to the European one; but there are nevertheless many differences in spelling, lexicon, and grammar. Brazilian and European writers also have markedly different preferences when choosing between supposedly equivalent words or constructs.
The formal spoken standard, being tied to the written one, has those same minor diferences in lexicon and grammar, but also substantial phonological differences, with noticeable regional variation.
The informal spoken language deviates substantially from the formal standard, even in the rules for agreement; and shows considerable regional variation.
Nevertheless, the cultural prestige and strong government support accorded to the written standard has maintained the unity of the language over the whole contry, and ensured that all regional varieties remain fully intelligible. Starting in the 1960s, the nationwide dominance of TV networks based in the southeast (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) has made the dialect of that region into an unofficial standard for the spoken language as well.
History
The Portuguese legacy
Portuguese in Brazil is a legacy of Portuguese colonization of the Americas. The first wave of Portuguese-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil in the 16th Century, yet the language was not widely used then. For a time Portuguese coexisted with the Lingua Geral, a lingua franca based on Amerindian languages that was used by the Jesuit missionaries; as well as with various African languages spoken by the hundreds of thousands of slaves brought to the country between the 17th to 19th centuries.
By the end of the 18th century, however, Portuguese had affirmed itself as the national language. The aborted colonization attempts by the French in Rio de Janeiro (the France Antarctique) and by the Dutch in the Northeast had negligible effect on the language. Even the substantial immigration waves of the late 19th and early 20th century — mainly from Germany, Italy, Japan, and Lebanon — were linguistically integrated within a couple of generations.
Written and spoken languages
The written language taught in Brazilian schools has always been based on the standard of Portugal, and Portuguese writers were always regarded as models by Brazilian authors and teachers. Thus, the essential identity of the languages of Brazil and Portugal was always taken for granted, and was eventually strengthened by various laws and international treaties that established a single spelling system for all the major Portuguese-speaking countries.
On the other hand, the spoken language suffered none of the constraints that applied to the written language. School teachers have generally been concerned with the student's written expression, paying little attention to their speech (or to their own). Moreover, Brazilians in general have had very little exposure to the European speech, even after the advent of radio, TV, and movies; and European pronunciation, unlike European writing, was never viewed as a standard to be imitated. Therefore the language spoken in Brazil has evolved largely independently of that spoken in Portugal; and, as one might expect, in quite different directions.
Influences from other languages
Apart from the random drift caused by the isolation of the two communities, the evolution of Brazilian Portuguese was certainly influenced by the languages it supplanted: first the Amerind tongues of the natives, then the various African languages of the slaves, and finally the speeches of the European and Asian immigrants. It must be noted, incidentally, that a large fraction of present-day Brazilians have ancestors in one or more of those groups.
The influence of Amerind and African languages is quite visible in the lexicon. The native languages contributed the names for most of the plants and animals found in Brazil, such as arara ("large parrot"), tucano ("toucan"), mandioca ("cassava"), pipoca ("popcorn"), abacaxi ("pineapple"), and many more. Many of these words entered the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon already in the 16th century, and some of them, like pipoca, abacaxi were eventually borrowed by European Portuguese. The African languages provided many words too, especially related to food, such as quindim, acarajé, moqueca; and household concepts, such as cafuné ("caress on the head"), curinga ("joker card"), and caçula ("youngest child"). Later immigrants contributed many words too, like chope ("tap beer") and nhoque ("gnocchi").
The influence of those languages in the phonology and grammar of Brazilian Portuguese are harder to detect, and nearly impossible to prove. However, some regional features of Brazilian informal speech, such as the loss of final [r] and [s] in countryside dialects, seem to match phonological features of the Amerind and African languages, which were more present in those areas than in the cities. Also, the virtual disappearance of certain verb inflections in Brazil, such as the past pluperfect and the second person, and the Brazilian's marked preference for compound tenses, recall the grammatical simplification that is observed in the formation of pidgins.
Impact of Brazilian Portuguese
The cultural influence of Brazilian Portuguese in the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world has greatly increased in the last decades of the 20th century, due to the popularity of Brazilian music and Brazilian soap operas. Since Brazil joined Mercosur, the South American free trade zone, Portuguese has been increasingly studied as a second language in Spanish-speaking partner countries. A language mix of Portuguese and Spanish, nicknamed Portuñol or Portunhol, is spoken in regions bordering countries such as Uruguay.
巴西葡语和欧系葡语的区别目录：
1. 简介和历史
2. 发音的差异
3. 拼写的差异
4. 语法的差异
5. 与其他语言的融合
＊材料整理自 wikipedia
＊在线葡语学习：http://www.olacio.com
2014年05月27日 02点05分
1
the formal written (FW) standard, the version of written Portuguese that is taught at schools throughout Brazil and used in almost all writing;
the formal spoken (FS) standard, basically a spoken form of the above, used in formal contexts or when reading from a written text;
the informal spoken (IS) language, used in all other occasions.
The Brazilian formal written standard, which is defined by law and by international agreements with other Portuguese-speaking countries, is very similar to the European one; but there are nevertheless many differences in spelling, lexicon, and grammar. Brazilian and European writers also have markedly different preferences when choosing between supposedly equivalent words or constructs.
The formal spoken standard, being tied to the written one, has those same minor diferences in lexicon and grammar, but also substantial phonological differences, with noticeable regional variation.
The informal spoken language deviates substantially from the formal standard, even in the rules for agreement; and shows considerable regional variation.
Nevertheless, the cultural prestige and strong government support accorded to the written standard has maintained the unity of the language over the whole contry, and ensured that all regional varieties remain fully intelligible. Starting in the 1960s, the nationwide dominance of TV networks based in the southeast (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) has made the dialect of that region into an unofficial standard for the spoken language as well.
History
The Portuguese legacy
Portuguese in Brazil is a legacy of Portuguese colonization of the Americas. The first wave of Portuguese-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil in the 16th Century, yet the language was not widely used then. For a time Portuguese coexisted with the Lingua Geral, a lingua franca based on Amerindian languages that was used by the Jesuit missionaries; as well as with various African languages spoken by the hundreds of thousands of slaves brought to the country between the 17th to 19th centuries.
By the end of the 18th century, however, Portuguese had affirmed itself as the national language. The aborted colonization attempts by the French in Rio de Janeiro (the France Antarctique) and by the Dutch in the Northeast had negligible effect on the language. Even the substantial immigration waves of the late 19th and early 20th century — mainly from Germany, Italy, Japan, and Lebanon — were linguistically integrated within a couple of generations.
Written and spoken languages
The written language taught in Brazilian schools has always been based on the standard of Portugal, and Portuguese writers were always regarded as models by Brazilian authors and teachers. Thus, the essential identity of the languages of Brazil and Portugal was always taken for granted, and was eventually strengthened by various laws and international treaties that established a single spelling system for all the major Portuguese-speaking countries.
On the other hand, the spoken language suffered none of the constraints that applied to the written language. School teachers have generally been concerned with the student's written expression, paying little attention to their speech (or to their own). Moreover, Brazilians in general have had very little exposure to the European speech, even after the advent of radio, TV, and movies; and European pronunciation, unlike European writing, was never viewed as a standard to be imitated. Therefore the language spoken in Brazil has evolved largely independently of that spoken in Portugal; and, as one might expect, in quite different directions.
Influences from other languages
Apart from the random drift caused by the isolation of the two communities, the evolution of Brazilian Portuguese was certainly influenced by the languages it supplanted: first the Amerind tongues of the natives, then the various African languages of the slaves, and finally the speeches of the European and Asian immigrants. It must be noted, incidentally, that a large fraction of present-day Brazilians have ancestors in one or more of those groups.
The influence of Amerind and African languages is quite visible in the lexicon. The native languages contributed the names for most of the plants and animals found in Brazil, such as arara ("large parrot"), tucano ("toucan"), mandioca ("cassava"), pipoca ("popcorn"), abacaxi ("pineapple"), and many more. Many of these words entered the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon already in the 16th century, and some of them, like pipoca, abacaxi were eventually borrowed by European Portuguese. The African languages provided many words too, especially related to food, such as quindim, acarajé, moqueca; and household concepts, such as cafuné ("caress on the head"), curinga ("joker card"), and caçula ("youngest child"). Later immigrants contributed many words too, like chope ("tap beer") and nhoque ("gnocchi").
The influence of those languages in the phonology and grammar of Brazilian Portuguese are harder to detect, and nearly impossible to prove. However, some regional features of Brazilian informal speech, such as the loss of final [r] and [s] in countryside dialects, seem to match phonological features of the Amerind and African languages, which were more present in those areas than in the cities. Also, the virtual disappearance of certain verb inflections in Brazil, such as the past pluperfect and the second person, and the Brazilian's marked preference for compound tenses, recall the grammatical simplification that is observed in the formation of pidgins.
Impact of Brazilian Portuguese
The cultural influence of Brazilian Portuguese in the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world has greatly increased in the last decades of the 20th century, due to the popularity of Brazilian music and Brazilian soap operas. Since Brazil joined Mercosur, the South American free trade zone, Portuguese has been increasingly studied as a second language in Spanish-speaking partner countries. A language mix of Portuguese and Spanish, nicknamed Portuñol or Portunhol, is spoken in regions bordering countries such as Uruguay.
巴西葡语和欧系葡语的区别目录：
1. 简介和历史
2. 发音的差异
3. 拼写的差异
4. 语法的差异
5. 与其他语言的融合
＊材料整理自 wikipedia
＊在线葡语学习：http://www.olacio.com