backnoon的个人资料

巴西葡语和欧系葡语的区别（1）－简介和历史〔科普系〕 Brazilian Portuguese is a collective name for the varieties of Portuguese written and spoken by virtually all the 180 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a couple million Brazilian immigrants and temporary workers in other countries, mainly in Canada, United States, Portugal, Paraguay and Japan. The term includes the formal written (FW) standard, the version of written Portuguese that is taught at schools throughout Brazil and used in almost all writing; the formal spoken (FS) standard, basically a spoken form of the above, used in formal contexts or when reading from a written text; the informal spoken (IS) language, used in all other occasions. The Brazilian formal written standard, which is defined by law and by international agreements with other Portuguese-speaking countries, is very similar to the European one; but there are nevertheless many differences in spelling, lexicon, and grammar. Brazilian and European writers also have markedly different preferences when choosing between supposedly equivalent words or constructs. The formal spoken standard, being tied to the written one, has those same minor diferences in lexicon and grammar, but also substantial phonological differences, with noticeable regional variation. The informal spoken language deviates substantially from the formal standard, even in the rules for agreement; and shows considerable regional variation. Nevertheless, the cultural prestige and strong government support accorded to the written standard has maintained the unity of the language over the whole contry, and ensured that all regional varieties remain fully intelligible. Starting in the 1960s, the nationwide dominance of TV networks based in the southeast (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) has made the dialect of that region into an unofficial standard for the spoken language as well. History The Portuguese legacy Portuguese in Brazil is a legacy of Portuguese colonization of the Americas. The first wave of Portuguese-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil in the 16th Century, yet the language was not widely used then. For a time Portuguese coexisted with the Lingua Geral, a lingua franca based on Amerindian languages that was used by the Jesuit missionaries; as well as with various African languages spoken by the hundreds of thousands of slaves brought to the country between the 17th to 19th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, however, Portuguese had affirmed itself as the national language. The aborted colonization attempts by the French in Rio de Janeiro (the France Antarctique) and by the Dutch in the Northeast had negligible effect on the language. Even the substantial immigration waves of the late 19th and early 20th century — mainly from Germany, Italy, Japan, and Lebanon — were linguistically integrated within a couple of generations. Written and spoken languages The written language taught in Brazilian schools has always been based on the standard of Portugal, and Portuguese writers were always regarded as models by Brazilian authors and teachers. Thus, the essential identity of the languages of Brazil and Portugal was always taken for granted, and was eventually strengthened by various laws and international treaties that established a single spelling system for all the major Portuguese-speaking countries. On the other hand, the spoken language suffered none of the constraints that applied to the written language. School teachers have generally been concerned with the student's written expression, paying little attention to their speech (or to their own). Moreover, Brazilians in general have had very little exposure to the European speech, even after the advent of radio, TV, and movies; and European pronunciation, unlike European writing, was never viewed as a standard to be imitated. Therefore the language spoken in Brazil has evolved largely independently of that spoken in Portugal; and, as one might expect, in quite different directions. Influences from other languages Apart from the random drift caused by the isolation of the two communities, the evolution of Brazilian Portuguese was certainly influenced by the languages it supplanted: first the Amerind tongues of the natives, then the various African languages of the slaves, and finally the speeches of the European and Asian immigrants. It must be noted, incidentally, that a large fraction of present-day Brazilians have ancestors in one or more of those groups. The influence of Amerind and African languages is quite visible in the lexicon. The native languages contributed the names for most of the plants and animals found in Brazil, such as arara ("large parrot"), tucano ("toucan"), mandioca ("cassava"), pipoca ("popcorn"), abacaxi ("pineapple"), and many more. Many of these words entered the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon already in the 16th century, and some of them, like pipoca, abacaxi were eventually borrowed by European Portuguese. The African languages provided many words too, especially related to food, such as quindim, acarajé, moqueca; and household concepts, such as cafuné ("caress on the head"), curinga ("joker card"), and caçula ("youngest child"). Later immigrants contributed many words too, like chope ("tap beer") and nhoque ("gnocchi"). The influence of those languages in the phonology and grammar of Brazilian Portuguese are harder to detect, and nearly impossible to prove. However, some regional features of Brazilian informal speech, such as the loss of final [r] and [s] in countryside dialects, seem to match phonological features of the Amerind and African languages, which were more present in those areas than in the cities. Also, the virtual disappearance of certain verb inflections in Brazil, such as the past pluperfect and the second person, and the Brazilian's marked preference for compound tenses, recall the grammatical simplification that is observed in the formation of pidgins. Impact of Brazilian Portuguese The cultural influence of Brazilian Portuguese in the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world has greatly increased in the last decades of the 20th century, due to the popularity of Brazilian music and Brazilian soap operas. Since Brazil joined Mercosur, the South American free trade zone, Portuguese has been increasingly studied as a second language in Spanish-speaking partner countries. A language mix of Portuguese and Spanish, nicknamed Portuñol or Portunhol, is spoken in regions bordering countries such as Uruguay. 巴西葡语和欧系葡语的区别目录： 1. 简介和历史 2. 发音的差异 3. 拼写的差异 4. 语法的差异 5. 与其他语言的融合＊材料整理自 wikipedia ＊在线葡语学习：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olacio.com&urlrefer=7e3090143e443dfae2cd6afa59d1dc6b

新败maratac铜火机Sliver Cripper镊子和杂牌钥匙外衣，附今日edc 拆包图就不上了，纸壳子被我切的七零八落XD 首先是maratac的peanut lighter，看着虽小，用料却很扎实简单包装，打开可以看到附带了一个o圈和一颗备用火石比较大小，右边是cr123电池继续分解图片来自：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangce.baidu.com%2Fpicture%2Falbum%2Flist%2F5968bfef07bc0ecd3f5d1d6c7ade7f0f2e075f16&urlrefer=76cd06b8ec364fcdaf0bf43ffc923aa6 Sliver Gripper的镊子，刀友edc神贴里出镜率蛮高的一个小东西图片来自：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangce.baidu.com%2Fpicture%2Falbum%2Flist%2F5968bfef07bc0ecd3f5d1d6c7ade7f0f2e075f16&urlrefer=76cd06b8ec364fcdaf0bf43ffc923aa6包装盒背面，其中一句话是“Lifetime Guarantee assures you of a lasting value”，老美对自己的产品很自信啊正面背面接下来是钥匙外衣，图片来自：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangce.baidu.com%2Fpicture%2Falbum%2Flist%2F5968bfef07bc0ecd3f5d1d6c7ade7f0f2e075f16&urlrefer=76cd06b8ec364fcdaf0bf43ffc923aa6图片来自：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangce.baidu.com%2Fpicture%2Falbum%2Flist%2F5968bfef07bc0ecd3f5d1d6c7ade7f0f2e075f16&urlrefer=76cd06b8ec364fcdaf0bf43ffc923aa6来个镊子和钥匙外衣上手图对比镊子严丝合缝，边角也处理的很好；右边钥匙外衣就只是松松垮垮挂在钥匙上，边缘未做倒角，略有硌手。一分钱一分货。全家福图片来自：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangce.baidu.com%2Fpicture%2Falbum%2Flist%2F5968bfef07bc0ecd3f5d1d6c7ade7f0f2e075f16&urlrefer=76cd06b8ec364fcdaf0bf43ffc923aa6谢谢观赏！等等！借人气求个东西，谁有上面那个火机的红铜版，请跟我联系。昨儿看到这个，又中毒了。。。图片来自：http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangce.baidu.com%2Fpicture%2Falbum%2Flist%2F5968bfef07bc0ecd3f5d1d6c7ade7f0f2e075f16&urlrefer=76cd06b8ec364fcdaf0bf43ffc923aa6

【直播】白塑料改柄58mm 一楼祭天，度娘笑纳。此直播时间不定，可能一星期完成，也可能拖上一个月，巨坑慎入

【新玩具】亮骚钛手电 4sevens的123钛筒，趁着兔子大优惠入了。MD这么个小玩意还真不便宜，团购价都还能赶上MG沙... 不多说了，看图

【吧务进】我小叶紫檀改柄的帖子怎么删了？仔细研究了下置顶吧规，没发现和任何一条冲突... 非灌水和刀有关无商业性质无任何不和谐内容就是一DIY展示贴在下愚钝不明所以，请诸位吧主明示，麻烦给个理由

【DIY尝试】刚刚做完的58mm小叶紫檀改柄典范从收到料子到现在差不多20天的时间我人懒有空的时候去磨两下总算搞完了带点金星下端有个小眼睛照片上不明显实物漂亮多了拍不出来第一次DIY 标不会刻刻得难看了大家别见笑上图！

【改柄求教】关于金属标和粘接今天整了一天终于把处女作大致整好了紫檀木料打磨修型然后抛光看效果圆滚滚的一个还不错最后还剩下一个标实在没经验不知道怎么搞有没有DIY经验丰富的筒子来指点下？先拜谢了哦刚刚发现一件悲催的事：贴片的其中一块翘起了一点点缝 0.1mm的样子这个有办法修补吗

【DIY求助】胶水用502可以吗 RT 贴片已经打磨出型了不知道用什么胶水黏上去牢靠，不知道502是否可行？有其它好用胶水推荐的话更好。感谢！

新DIYer求助：怎么把金属标取下来火烤?掰？求老人解答... 顺便...典范SD的标是可以挖下来的对吧

wod又上不去了》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》》

\(^o^)/~各位刀友，测测你们是什么性格的~\(^o^)/~ MBTI职业性格测试完整版一楼喂度娘~

【提问】悬神引中的安诺斯世上真有其人么？闲来重阅猎物者三部曲，看到安诺斯这个名字（悬神引里面那个祭司），信手把它敲进了搜索栏里，结果。。。百度google维基未果，固有此问，万望强人解答 ~