这应该是网友对页岩气的反驳了吧:
(摘自油桶网,全球最大的英文能源交流网)
http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9251This is guest post by Christian Kerschner. Christian is a PhD Candidate of the Institute for Environment and Technology (ICTA) at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and a Researcher at SERI Vienna.
这是Christian Kerschner写的专栏。Christian是巴塞隆纳独立大学的博士研究生和维也纳SERI学院的研究员。
The industry is losing money with it (Arthur Berman), because the wells are extremely expensive and have very fast decline rates (Euan Mearns). This is particularly the case since gas prices in the US have collapsed. Temporarily some good wells may still be subsidizing bad ones.
”这个行业目前有巨大亏损;这些油井钻价高昂,并且产量快速衰落。这种亏损在米国煤气价严重下降后更显著。其实,目前基本上是少量的有利润的油井在补贴大量的亏损油井。
Disadvantages of shale gas: 页岩气的劣势:
Fast decline rates 快速的产量衰退
Expensive wells & technology 钻井技术的巨大成本
Danger of groundwater contamination by chemicals added to fracking- water (2 tons per well!) 来自水力压裂的添加剂所带来的地下水污染(每个井口都需要2吨添加剂)
Large land-mass necessary, because many boreholes necessary - this is a problem for Europe, which is much more densely populated than the US (因为需要许多井口,需要大量的土地;不适合人口密集的欧洲)
最重要的一点事,米国主要缺乏石油和其他的液态燃料。把甲烷加工成液态燃料需要巨大的经济和能量成本。
另外,米国出口的不是原油(crude oil)而是石油加工产品(petroleum products);目前米国仍然进口绝大部分原油,只不过经济低迷的米国没有足够的需求消耗让已经投入数以千亿米元的炼油厂维持产量,因此他们就出口石油加工产品了。如果他们真的在出口原油,为什么还在进口沙特石油呢?
(摘自油桶网,全球最大的英文能源交流网)
http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9085Does the U.S. Really Have More Oil than Saudi Arabia?
米国的石油真的比沙特的多吗?
The estimated amount of oil in place (the resource) varies widely, with some suggesting that there could be 400 billion barrels of oil in the Bakken. Because of advances in fracking technology, some of the resource has now been classified as reserves (the amount that can be technically and economically produced). However, the reserve is a very low fraction of the resource at 2 to 4 billion barrels (although some industry estimates put the recoverable amount as high as 20 billion barrels or so). For reference, the U.S. consumes a billion barrels of oil in about 52 days, and the world consumes a billion barrels in about 11 days.
”石油资源的预算有很大的差异,有些说有4000亿桶石油的资源(存在的资源)在Bakken地区(米国北达科他州的一个山区)。由于新的水力压裂技术,一部分资源变成了石油储量(在目前技术和经济限制下可以取出的石油)。石油储量只有20-40亿桶(但有些工业界人士认为最高可能有200亿桶)。作为参考资料,米国52天就消耗10亿桶石油,全球11天就消耗10亿桶石油。”
作为补充资料,沙特最好最牛逼的油田也就有75%的取回率,基本上把油管插到地里就可以取出来。但是,米国的不一样,他们所需要的成本巨大。这并不是什么技术**;70年代就已经有了这种水力压裂(hydraulic fracturing)的技术。并且,因为他们的粘度较低(低分子重量的成分较高)不需要进行复杂的加工。
最重要的一点是不要被米国的宣传蒙蔽了。米国历来就是石油生产大国但同时也是极度依赖进口能源的国家。