Assignment写作如何写好话题句?
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仅看楼主
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话题句是段落中最重要的句子,也可以说是段落写作的灵魂。
下面几句话很好地诠释了话题句的重要性:
Topic sentences help keep your writing focused and guide the reader through your argument.
In an essay or paper, each paragraph should focus on a single idea. By stating the main idea in the topic sentence, you clarify what the paragraph is about for both yourself and your reader.
围绕话题句,我们主要探讨了以几个问题:
1. 话题句的构成;
2. 话题句的写作技巧;
3. 话题句的位置;
4. 列提纲?
一、话题句的构成
Topic + Controlling Idea
话题+聚焦点
如果我们简单地认为话题句是包含话题的句子,那么这个理解是非常片面的。因为话题句的第二个组成部分 controlling idea 本质上是 opinion,所以,实际上话题句的构成为,
话题+聚焦的观点
如果单纯的只是包含一个话题,如,
Today I'm going to discuss the benefits of gardening.
则不是一个很好的话题句,因为这只是一个包含了话题的句子,并未提出明确的观点。
好的话题句如下:
E.g.
1.
Fruits (话题) contain many nutrients and offer a variety of health benefits (聚焦点). Oranges contain Vitamin C, a vitamin that people widely recognize as helpful in maintaining immunity and fighting colds. The high potassium and low sodium contents in bananas help regulate blood pressure. Apples have fiber, which aids the body’s digestive system. The antioxidants in blueberries aid the body in many ways, including by reducing free radicals.
水果含有许多营养成分,并具有多种健康益处。橘子含有维生素C,人们普遍认为这种维生素C对维持免疫力和抵抗感冒很有帮助。香蕉中的高钾和低钠含量有助于调节血压。苹果含有纤维,有助于人体的消化系统。蓝莓中的抗氧化剂可以通过多种方式帮助人体,包括减少自由基。
2.
Synonyms, words that have the same meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words "stingy" and “frugal" both mean careful with money. However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word “frugal" has a much more positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.
同义词,即具有相同含义的词,但并不总是具有相同的情感含义。例如,“ 抠门”和“节俭”这两个词均表示小心谨慎。但是,叫人小气是一种侮辱,而“节俭”一词则具有更多积极的含义。同样,一个人想要苗条而不是骨瘦如柴,主动而不是咄咄逼人。因此,选择单词时要小心,因为很多所谓的同义词根本不是真正的同义词。
二、话题句的写作技巧
两条重要的原则:
1. A topic sentence should not be too general or too specific;
2. A topic sentence should be an opinion.
话题句不要太概括也不要太具体;
话题句应该表明观点。
需要避免的误区:
1. Don't mention something you don't intend to examine further.
2. Avoid introducing yourself.
不要写没有支撑句的话题句;
不要在话题句中出现 I,my 等词。
E.g.
在话题句中,不要出现 I think, in my opinion 等短语
三、话题句的位置
话题句最常出现的位置,是主体段的段落开头第一句(如上述两个段落)。当然,在实际写作或是阅读中,并非所有的段落都会有话题句。所以第二种常见的情形,是段落没有话题句。此外,话题句最有可能出现的第三个情形是在段落的第二句话,因为第一句可能是过渡句。
四、列提纲?
之所以加上问号,是因为最需要思考的问题是,是否有必要列提纲?对于一篇三十分钟就能完成的写作任务来说,列提纲的必要性实在没有那么明显。 当然,若是写一篇三百字及以上的文章,提纲的必要性就凸显出来,因为我们的working memory毕竟是有限的,在写作前写下提纲可以帮助我们更好的记住接下来要写的关键信息。
所以,如果要写提纲的话,那么需要写哪些内容?提纲怎么写?参见:essay.lxws.net
常规文章结构
需要避免的误区:
Introduction (引入段)
Paragraph 1:
Hook + thesis statement
Body (主体段)
Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence 1 + supporting sentences
Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence 2 + supporting sentences
Paragraph 4:
Topic sentence 3 + supporting sentences
Conclusion(结论段)
Paragraph 5:
Restatement + final words
以Why We Need Mistakes 这篇文章为例, 大纲最需要写的首先是该颜色字体的句子,因为这些信息是最核心的观点,说的再直接一点,即,在大纲中,只需要把总论点和话题句的聚焦点,都列出来。而在这篇范文中,总论点已经包含了三个话题句的聚焦,这也是好的总论点的写法。
Paradoxically, we need mistakes because they can be turned into the guidance to truths, resources of inspiration, and even precious gifts.
如果还有时间的话,可以思考下每个聚焦点如何支撑,或用什么方式支撑,并在聚焦点下面,依次展开。
我们以Why We Need Mistakes第二段为例,
在写作之前,需要列在提纲里的信息,最详尽的格式如下:
2.
Truths
Tagore,
Thomas Edison, light bulb
即,在聚焦点想出来后,简要思考下如何支撑包含这个聚焦点的话题句。
段落如下:
First of all, mistakes eventually guide us to truths.Truths can hardly be known at the very beginning. Instead, they are ahead of the mistakes. Tagore once said, “If you shut your door to all errors, truth will be shut out.” When a blunder occurs, we’ll need to know what it is and how to correct it. In doing so, we learn to discard the wrong and preserve the right. Without his failure in countless experiments, Thomas Edison would not have discovered the right material for the light bulb. In the course of making and correcting mistakes, we draw closer and closer to the truths.
到此。
2020年10月28日 08点10分 1
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