2
郑州吧
全部回复
仅看楼主
level 7
果然挺2的~~
2009年03月18日 06点03分 1
level 10
是真2···
2009年03月18日 06点03分 2
level 13
谁2
2009年03月18日 06点03分 3
level 7
恩。。。相当的。。。上班没前途。。。那些职业经理人都可以自挂东南枝了。。
2.。。。绝对的
2009年03月18日 06点03分 4
level 9
羽毛 哥们求助!!
2009年03月18日 06点03分 5
level 7
比我还2了?
2009年03月18日 06点03分 6
level 7
浅评某些无知少年的2言2行2脑子
2009年03月18日 06点03分 7
level 7
小考你的生意我不接。。。你找别人吧
2009年03月18日 06点03分 8
level 9
日你奶奶 你Java强么
2009年03月18日 06点03分 9
level 7
贝勒。。。。他绝对比你还2.。。。。只有更2没有最2~
2009年03月18日 06点03分 10
level 7
- -!
谁呀?
我曾经以为自己是最二的人
经你们这么一说
我倒成聪明人了!
2009年03月18日 06点03分 12
level 7
我不告诉你。。。。要淡定的含蓄。。。。小考到底咋了。啥事。。快点说。。
2009年03月18日 06点03分 13
level 9
帮我看一个极其sb的程序 要求:读入一个二进制文件 进行文件大小/2次数的实验 实验内容随机产生两个数字 然后去文件中相应位置找到两个字符 如果两个字符相等 算成功一次 最后用成功次数/文件大小算出概率
2009年03月18日 06点03分 14
level 9
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Lab_Part_B
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
String file = args[0];
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
int size = fis.available();
int plain_size = 0;
int count = 0, r1 = 0, r2 = 0, c1 = 0, c2 = 0;
double p = 0.00;
Random generator = new Random();
String plain_text = new String();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
char temp_char =(char) fis.read();
plain_text = plain_text + temp_char;
}
plain_size = plain_text.length();
for (int i = 0; i <= plain_size/2; i++)
{
do {
r1 = generator.nextInt(plain_size);
r2 = generator.nextInt(plain_size);
}while(r1 == r2);
c1 =(int)plain_text.charAt(r1);
c2 =(int)plain_text.charAt(r2);
if (c1 == c2) {
count++;
}
}
p = (double) count/plain_size;
System.out.print(p);
fis.close();
}
}
2009年03月18日 06点03分 15
level 7
哦。。。刚好最近带了一个河工大的JAVA培训班。。让他们当课后思考题吧
2009年03月18日 06点03分 16
level 9
教授说概率在6-7之间 我只能算到3-4之间
2009年03月18日 06点03分 17
level 9
算了 我自己搞吧
2009年03月18日 06点03分 18
level 9
COMMUNICATIONTHEORYOFSECRECYSYSTEMSBYCESHANNONINTRODUCTIONANDSUMMARYTHEPROBLEMSOFCRYPTOGRAPHYANDSECRECYSYSTEMSFURNISHANINTERESTINGAPPLICATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONTHEORYINTHISPAPERATHEORYOFSECRECYSYSTEMSISDEVELOPEDTHEAPPROACHISONATHEORETICALLEVELANDISINTENDEDTOCOMPLEMENTTHETREATMENTFOUNDINSTANDARDWORKSONCRYPTOGRAPHYTHEREADETAILEDSTUDYISMADEOFTHEMANYSTANDARDTYPESOFCODESANDCIPHERSANDOFTHEWAYSOFBREAKINGTHEMWEWILLBEMORECONCERNEDWITHTHEGENERALMATHEMATICALSTRUCTUREANDPROPERTIESOFSECRECYSYSTEMSTHETREATMENTISLIMITEDINCERTAINWAYSFIRSTTHEREARETHREEGENERALTYPESOFSECRECYSYSTEMCONCEALMENTSYSTEMSINCLUDINGSUCHMETHODSASINVISIBLEINKCONCEALINGAMESSAGEINANINNOCENTTEXTORINAFAKECOVERINGCRYPTOGRAMOROTHERMETHODSINWHICHTHEEXISTENCEOFTHEMESSAGEISCONCEALEDFROMTHEENEMYPRIVACYSYSTEMSFOREXAMPLESPEECHINVERSIONINWHICHSPECIALEQUIPMENTISREQUIREDTORECOVERTHEMESSAGETRUESECRECYSYSTEMSWHERETHEMEANINGOFTHEMESSAGEISCONCEALEDBYCIPHERCODEETCALTHOUGHITSEXISTENCEISNOTHIDDENANDTHEENEMYISASSUMEDTOHAVEANYSPECIALEQUIPMENTNECESSARYTOINTERCEPTANDRECORDTHETRANSMITTEDSIGNALWECONSIDERONLYTHETHIRDTYPECONCEALMENTSYSTEMAREPRIMARILYAPSYCHOLOGICALPROBLEMANDPRIVACYSYSTEMSATECHNOLOGICALONESECONDLYTHETREATMENTISLIMITEDTOTHECASEOFDISCRETEINFORMATIONWHERETHEMESSAGETOBEENCIPHEREDCONSISTSOFASEQUENCEOFDISCRETESYMBOLSEACHCHOSENFROMANITESETTHESESYMBOLSMAYBELETTERSINALANGUAGEWORDSOFALANGUAGEAMPLITUDELEVELSOFAQUANTIZEDSPEECHORVIDEOSIGNALETCBUTTHEMAINEMPHASISANDTHINKINGHASBEENCONCERNEDWITHTHECASEOFLETTERSTHEPAPERISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEPARTSTHEMAINRESULTSWILLNOWBEBRIEYSUMMARIZEDTHERSTPARTDEALSWITHTHEBASICMATHEMATICALSTRUCTUREOFSECRECYSYSTEMSASINCOMMUNICATIONTHEORYALANGUAGEISCONSIDEREDTOBEREPRESENTEDBYASTOCHASTICPROCESSWHICHPRODUCESADISCRETESEQUENCEOFTHEMATERIALINTHISPAPERAPPEAREDINACONDENTIALREPORTAMATHEMATICALTHEORYOFCRYPTOGRAPHYDATEDSEPTWHICHHASNOWBEENDECLASSIEDSHANNONCEAMATHEMATICALTHEORYOFCOMMUNICATIONBELLSYSTEMTECHNICALJOURNALJULYPSEEFOREXAMPLEHFGAINESELEMENTARYCRYPTANALYSISORMGIVIERGECOURSDECRYPTOGRAPHIESYMBOLSINACCORDANCEWITHSOMESYSTEMOFPROBABILITIESASSOCIATEDWITHALANGUAGETHEREISACERTAINPARAMETERDWHICHWECALLTHEREDUNDANCYOFTHELANGUAGEDMEASURESINASENSEHOWMUCHATEXTINTHELANGUAGECANBEREDUCEDINLENGTHWITHOUTLOSINGANYINFORMATIONASASIMPLEEXAMPLESINCEUALWAYSFOLLOWSQINENGLISHWORDSTHEUMAYBEOMITTEDWITHOUTLOSSCONSIDERABLEREDUCTIONSAREPOSSIBLEINENGLISHDUETOTHESTATISTICALSTRUCTUREOFTHELANGUAGETHEHIGHFREQUENCIESOFCERTAINLETTERSORWORDSETCREDUNDANCYISOFCENTRALIMPORTANCEINTHESTUDYOFSECRECYSYSTEMSASECRECYSYSTEMISDENEDABSTRACTLYASASETOFTRANSFORMATIONSOFONESPACETHESETOFPOSSIBLEMESSAGESINTOASECONDSPACETHESETOFPOSSIBLECRYPTOGRAMSEACHPARTICULARTRANSFORMATIONOFTHESETCORRESPONDSTOENCIPHERINGWITHAPARTICULARKEYTHETRANSFORMATIONSARESUPPOSEDREVERSIBLENONSINGULARSOTHATUNIQUEDECIPHERINGISPOSSIBLEWHENTHEKEYISKNOWNEACHKEYANDTHEREFOREEACHTRANSFORMATIONISASSUMEDTOHAVEANAPRIORIPROBABILITYASSOCIATEDWITHITTHEPROBABILITYOFCHOOSINGTHATKEYSIMILARLYEACHPOSSIBLEMESSAGEISASSUMEDTOHAVEANASSOCIATEDAPRIORIPROBABILITYDETERMINEDBYTHEUNDERLYINGSTOCHASTICPROCESSTHESEPROBABILITIESFORTHEVARIOUSKEYSANDMESSAGESAREACTUALLYTHEENEMYCRYPTANALYSTSAPRIORIPROBABILITIESFORTHECHOICESINQUESTIONANDREPRESENTHISAPRIORIKNOWLEDGEOFTHESITUATIONTOUSETHESYSTEMAKEYISRSTSELECTEDANDSENTTOTHERECEIVINGPOINTTHECHOICEOFAKEYDETERMINESAPARTICULARTRANSFORMATIONINTHESETFORMINGTHESYSTEMTHENAMESSAGEISSELECTEDANDTHEPARTICULARTRANSFORMATIONCORRESPONDINGTOTHESELECTEDKEYAPPLIEDTOTHISMESSAGETOPRODUCEACRYPTOGRAMTHISCRYPTOGRAMISTRANSMITTEDTOTHERECEIVINGPOINTBYACHANNELANDMAYBEINTERCEPTEDBYTHEENEMYATTHERECEIVINGENDTHEINVERSEOFTHEPARTICULARTRANSFORMATIONISAPPLIEDTOTHECRYPTOGRAMTORECOVERTHEORIGINALMESSAGEIFTHEENEMYINTERCEPTSTHECRYPTOGRAMHECANCALCULATEFROMITTHEAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESOFTHEVARIOUSPOSSIBLEMESSAGESANDKEYSWHICHMIGHTHAVEPRODUCEDTHISCRYPTOGRAMTHISSETOFAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESCONSTITUTESHISKNOWLEDGEOFTHEKEYANDMESSAGEAFTERTHEINTERCEPTIONKNOWLEDGEISTHUSIDENTIEDWITHASETOFPROPOSITIONSHAVINGASSOCIATEDPROBABILITIESTHECALCULATIONOFTHEAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESISTHEGENERALIZEDPROBLEMOFCRYPTANALYSISASANEXAMPLEOFTHESENOTIONSINASIMPLESUBSTITUTIONCIPHERWITHRANDOMKEYTHEREARETRANSFORMATIONSCORRESPONDINGTOTHEWAYSWECANSUBSTITUTEFORDIFFERENTLETTERSTHESEAREALLEQUALLYLIKELYANDEACHTHEREFOREHASANAPRIORIPROBABILITYIFTHISISAPPLIEDTONORMALENGLISHTHEWORDENEMYSTEMMINGFROMMILITARYAPPLICATIONSISCOMMONLYUSEDINCRYPTOGRAPHICWORKTODENOTEANYONEWHOMAYINTERCEPTACRYPTOGRAMTHECRYPTANALYSTBEINGASSUMEDTOHAVENOKNOWLEDGEOFTHEMESSAGESOURCEOTHERTHANTHATITISPRODUCINGENGLISHTEXTTHEAPRIORIPROBABILITIESOFVARIOUSMESSAGESOFNLETTERSAREMERELYTHEIRRELATIVEFREQUENCIESINNORMALENGLISHTEXTIFTHEENEMYINTERCEPTSNLETTERSOFCRYPTOGRAMSINTHISSYSTEMHISPROBABILITIESCHANGEIFNISLARGEENOUGHSAYLETTERSTHEREISUSUALLYASINGLEMESSAGEOFAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITYNEARLYUNITYWHILEALLOTHERSHAVEATOTALPROBABILITYNEARLYZEROTHUSTHEREISANESSENTIALLYUNIQUESOLUTIONTOTHECRYPTOGRAMFORNSMALLERSAYNTHEREWILLUSUALLYBEMANYMESSAGESANDKEYSOFCOMPARABLEPROBABILITYWITHNOSINGLEONENEARLYUNITYINTHISCASETHEREAREMULTIPLESOLUTIONSTOTHECRYPTOGRAMCONSIDERINGASECRECYSYSTEMTOBEREPRESENTEDINTHISWAYASASETOFTRANSFORMATIONSOFONESETOFELEMENTSINTOANOTHERTHEREARETWONATURALCOMBI
2009年03月18日 06点03分 19
level 9
NINGOPERATIONSWHICHPRODUCEATHIRDSYSTEMFROMTWOGIVENSYSTEMSTHERSTCOMBININGOPERATIONISCALLEDTHEPRODUCTOPERATIONANDCORRESPONDSTOENCIPHERINGTHEMESSAGEWITHTHERSTSECRECYSYSTEMRANDENCIPHERINGTHERESULTINGCRYPTOGRAMWITHTHESECONDSYSTEMSTHEKEYSFORRANDSBEINGCHOSENINDEPENDENTLYTHISTOTALOPERATIONISASECRECYSYSTEMWHOSETRANSFORMATIONSCONSISTOFALLTHEPRODUCTSINTHEUSUALSENSEOFPRODUCTSOFTRANSFORMATIONSOFTRANSFORMATIONSINSWITHTRANSFORMATIONSINRTHEPROBABILITIESARETHEPRODUCTSOFTHEPROBABILITIESFORTHETWOTRANSFORMATIONSTHESECONDCOMBININGOPERATIONISWEIGHTEDADDITIONTPRQSPQITCORRESPONDSTOMAKINGAPRELIMINARYCHOICEASTOWHETHERSYSTEMRORSISTOBEUSEDWITHPROBABILITIESPANDQRESPECTIVELYWHENTHISISDONERORSISUSEDASORIGINALLYDENEDITISSHOWNTHATSECRECYSYSTEMSWITHTHESETWOCOMBININGOPERATIONSFORMESSENTIALLYALINEARASSOCIATIVEALGEBRAWITHAUNITELEMENTANALGEBRAICVARIETYTHATHASBEENEXTENSIVELYSTUDIEDBYMATHEMATICIANSAMONGTHEMANYPOSSIBLESECRECYSYSTEMSTHEREISONETYPEWITHMANYSPECIALPROPERTIESTHISTYPEWECALLAPURESYSTEMASYSTEMISPUREIFALLKEYSAREEQUALLYLIKELYANDIFFORANYTHREETRANSFORMATIONSTITJTKINTHESETTHEPRODUCTTITJTKISALSOATRANSFORMATIONINTHESETTHATISENCIPHERINGDECIPHERINGANDENCIPHERINGWITHANYTHREEKEYSMUSTBEEQUIVALENTTOENCIPHERINGWITHSOMEKEYWITHAPURECIPHERITISSHOWNTHATALLKEYSAREESSENTIALLYEQUIVALENTTHEYALLLEADTOTHESAMESETOFAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESFURTHERMOREWHENAGIVENCRYPTOGRAMISINTERCEPTEDTHEREISASETOFMESSAGESTHATMIGHTHAVEPRODUCEDTHISCRYPTOGRAMARESIDUECLASSANDTHEAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESOFMESSAGEINTHISCLASSAREPROPORTIONALTOTHEAPRIORIPROBABILITIESALLTHEINFORMATIONTHEENEMYHASOBTAINEDBYINTERCEPTINGTHECRYPTOGRAMISASPECICATIONOFTHERESIDUECLASSMANYOFTHECOMMONCIPHERSAREPURESYSTEMSINCLUDINGSIMPLESUBSTITUTIONWITHRANDOMKEYINTHISCASETHERESIDUECLASSCONSISTSOFALLMESSAGESWITHTHESAMEPATTERNOFLETTERREPETITIONSASTHEINTERCEPTEDCRYPTOGRAMTWOSYSTEMSRANDSAREDENEDTOBESIMILARIFTHEREEXISTSAXEDTRANSFORMATIONAWITHANINVERSEASUCHTHATRASIFRANDSARESIMILARAONETOONECORRESPONDENCEBETWEENTHERESULTINGCRYPTOGRAMSCANBESETUPLEADINGTOTHESAMEAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESTHETWOSYSTEMSARECRYPTANALYTICALLYTHESAMETHESECONDPARTOFTHEPAPERDEALSWITHTHEPROBLEMOFTHEORETICALSECRECYHOWSECUREISASYSTEMAGAINSTCRYPTANALYSISWHENTHEENEMYHASUNLIMITEDTIMEANDMANPOWERAVAILABLEFORTHEANALYSISOFINTERCEPTEDCRYPTOGRAMSTHEPROBLEMISCLOSELYRELATEDTOQUESTIONSOFCOMMUNICATIONINTHEPRESENCEOFNOISEANDTHECONCEPTSOFENTROPYANDEQUIVOCATIONDEVELOPEDFORTHECOMMUNICATIONPROBLEMNDADIRECTAPPLICATIONINTHISPARTOFCRYPTOGRAPHYPERFECTSECRECYISDENEDBYREQUIRINGOFASYSTEMTHATAFTERACRYPTOGRAMISINTERCEPTEDBYTHEENEMYTHEAPOSTERIORIPROBABILITIESOFTHISCRYPTOGRAMREPRESENTINGVARIOUSMESSAGESBEIDENTICALLYTHESAMEASTHEAPRIORIPROBABILITIESOFTHESAMEMESSAGESBEFORETHEINTERCEPTIONITISSHOWNTHATPERFECTSECRECYISPOSSIBLEBUTREQUIRESIFTHENUMBEROFMESSAGESISNITETHESAMENUMBEROFPOSSIBLEKEYSIFTHEMESSAGEISTHOUGHTOFASBEINGCONSTANTLYGENERATEDATAGIVENRATERTOBEDENEDLATERKEYMUSTBEGENERATEDATTHESAMEORAGREATERRATEIFASECRECYSYSTEMWITHANITEKEYISUSEDANDNLETTERSOFCRYPTOGRAMINTERCEPTEDTHEREWILLBEFORTHEENEMYACERTAINSETOFMESSAGESWITHCERTAINPROBABILITIESTHATTHISCRYPTOGRAMCOULDREPRESENTASNINCREASESTHEELDUSUALLYNARROWSDOWNUNTILEVENTUALLYTHEREISAUNIQUESOLUTIONTOTHECRYPTOGRAMONEMESSAGEWITHPROBABILITYESSENTIALLYUNITYWHILEALLOTHERSAREPRACTICALLYZEROAQUANTITYHNISDENEDCALLEDTHEEQUIVOCATIONWHICHMEASURESINASTATISTICALWAYHOWNEARTHEAVERAGECRYPTOGRAMOFNLETTERSISTOAUNIQUESOLUTIONTHATISHOWUNCERTAINTHEENEMYISOFTHEORIGINALMESSAGEAFTERINTERCEPTINGACRYPTOGRAMOFNLETTERSVARIOUSPROPERTIESOFTHEEQUIVOCATIONAREDEDUCEDFOREXAMPLETHEEQUIVOCATIONOFTHEKEYNEVERINCREASESWITHINCREASINGNTHISEQUIVOCATIONISATHEORETICALSECRECYINDEXTHEORETICALINTHATITALLOWSTHEENEMYUNLIMITEDTIMETOANALYSETHECRYPTOGRAMTHEFUNCTIONHNFORACERTAINIDEALIZEDTYPEOFCIPHERCALLEDTHERANDOMCIPHERISDETERMINEDWITHCERTAINMODICATIONSTHISFUNCTIONCANBEAPPLIEDTOMANYCASESOFPRACTICALINTERESTTHISGIVESAWAYOFCALCULATINGAPPROXIMATELYHOWMUCHINTERCEPTEDMATERIALISREQUIREDTOOBTAINASOLUTIONTOASECRECYSYSTEMITAPPEARSFROMTHISANALYSISTHATWITHORDINARYLANGUAGESANDTHEUSUALTYPESOFCIPHERSNOTCODESTHISUNICITYDISTANCEISAPPROXIMATELYHKHEREHKISANUMBERMEASURINGTHESIZEOFTHEKEYSPACEDIFALLKEYSAREAPRIORIEQUALLYLIKELYHKISTHELOGARITHMOFTHENUMBEROFPOSSIBLEKEYSDISTHEREDUNDANCYOFTHELANGUAGEANDMEASURESTHEAMOUNTOFSTATISTICALCONSTRAINTIMPOSEDBYTHELANGUAGEINSIMPLESUBSTITUTIONWITHRANDOMKEYHKISLOGORABOUTANDDINDECIMALDIGITSPERLETTERISABOUTFORENGLISHTHUSUNICITYOCCURSATABOUTLETTERSITISPOSSIBLETOCONSTRUCTSECRECYSYSTEMSWITHANITEKEYFORCERTAINLANGUAGESINWHICHTHEEQUIVOCATIONDOESNOTAPPROACHZEROASNINTHISCASENOMATTERHOWMUCHMATERIALISINTERCEPTEDTHEENEMYSTILLDOESNOTOBTAINAUNIQUESOLUTIONTOTHECIPHERBUTISLEFTWITHMANYALTERNATIVESALLOFREASONABLEPROBABILITYSUCHSYSTEMSWECALLIDEALSYSTEMSITISPOSSIBLEINANYLANGUAGETOAPPROXIMATESUCHBEHAVIORIETOMAKETHEAPPROACHTOZEROOFHNRECEDEOUTTOARBITRARILYLARGENHOWEVERSUCHSYSTEMSHAVEANUMBEROFDRAWBACKSSUCHASCOMPLEXITYANDSENSITIVITYTOERRORSINTRANSMISSIONOFTHECRYPTOGRAMTHETHIRDPARTOFTHEPAPERISCONCERNEDWITHPRACTICALSECRECYTWOSYSTEMSWITHTHESAMEKEYSIZEMAYBOTHBEUNIQUELYSOLVABLEWHENNLETTERSHAVEBEENINTERCEPTEDBUTDIFFERGREATLYINTHEAMOUNTOFLABORREQUIREDTOEFFECTTHISSOLUTIONANANALYSISOFTHEBASICWEAKNESSESOFSECRECYSYSTEMSI
2009年03月18日 06点03分 20
level 9
SMADETHISLEADSTOMETHODSFORCONSTRUCTINGSYSTEMSWHICHWILLREQUIREALARGEAMOUNTOFWORKTOSOLVEFINALLYACERTAININCOMPATIBILITYAMONGTHEVARIOUSDESIRABLEQUALITIESOFSECRECYSYSTEMSISDISCUSSEDPARTIMATHEMATICALSTRUCTUREOFSECRECYSYSTEMSSECRECYSYSTEMSASARSTSTEPINTHEMATHEMATICALANALYSISOFCRYPTOGRAPHYITISNECESSARYTOIDEALIZETHESITUATIONSUITABLYANDTODENEINAMATHEMATICALLYACCEPTABLEWAYWHATWESHALLMEANBYASECRECYSYSTEMASCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFAGENERALSECRECYSYSTEMISSHOWNINFIGATTHETRANSMITTINGENDTHEREARETWOINFORMATIONSOURCESAMESSAGESOURCEANDAKEYSOURCETHEKEYSOURCEPRODUCESAPARTICULARKEYFROMAMONGTHOSEWHICHAREPOSSIBLEINTHESYSTEMTHISKEYISTRANSMITTEDBYSOMEMEANSSUPPOSEDLYNOTINTERCEPTIBLEFOREXAMPLEBYMESSENGERTOTHERECEIVINGENDTHEMESSAGESOURCEPRODUCESAMESSAGETHECLEARWHICHISENCIPHEREDANDTHERESULTINGCRYPTOGRAMSENTTOTHERECEIVINGENDBYAPOSSIBLYINTERCEPTIBLEMEANSFOREXAMPLERADIOATTHERECEIVINGENDTHECRYPTOGRAMANDKEYARECOMBINEDINTHEDECIPHERERTORECOVERTHEMESSAGEENEMYCRYPTANALYSTEMESSAGESOURCEMESSAGECRYPTOGRAMMESSAGEMEMKEYKSOURCEFIGSCHEMATICOFAGENERALSECRECYSYSTEMEVIDENTLYTHEENCIPHERERPERFORMSAFUNCTIONALOPERATIONIFMISTHEMESSAGEKTHEKEYANDETHEENCIPHEREDMESSAGEORCRYPTOGRAMWEHAVEEFMKTHATISEISFUNCTIONOFMANDKITISPREFERABLETOTHINKOFTHISHOWEVERNOTASAFUNCTIONOFTWOVARIABLESBUTASAONEPARAMETERFAMILYOFOPERATIONSORTRANSFORMATIONSANDTOWRITEITETIMTHETRANSFORMATIONTIAPPLIEDTOMESSAGEMPRODUCESCRYPTOGRAMETHEINDEXICORRESPONDSTOTHEPARTICULARKEYBEINGUSEDWEWILLASSUMEINGENERALTHATTHEREAREONLYANITENUMBEROFPOSSIBLEKEYSANDTHATEACHHASANASSOCIATEDPROBABILITYPITHUSTHEKEYSOURCEISREPRESENTEDBYASTATISTICALPROCESSORDEVICEWHICHCHOOSESONEFROMTHESETOFTRANSFORMATIONSTTTMWITHTHERESPECTIVEPROBABILITIESPPPMSIMILARLYWEWILLGENERALLYASSUMEANITENUMBEROFPOSSIBLEMESSAGESMMMNWITHASSOCIATEAPRIORIPROBABILITIESQQQNTHEPOSSIBLEMESSAGESFOREXAMPLEMIGHTBETHEPOSSIBLESEQUENCESOFENGLISHLETTERSALLOFLENGTHNANDTHEASSOCIATEDPROBABILITIESARETHENTHERELATIVEFREQUENCIESOFOCCURRENCEOFTHESESEQUENCESINNORMALENGLISHTEXTATTHERECEIVINGENDITMUSTBEPOSSIBLETORECOVERMKNOWINGEANDKTHUSTHETRANSFORMATIONSTIINTHEFAMILYMUSTHAVEUNIQUEINVERSESTISUCHTHATTITIITHEIDENTITYTRANSFORMATIONTHUSMTIEATANYRATETHISINVERSEMUSTEXISTUNIQUELYFOREVERYEWHICHCANBEOBTAINEDFROMANMWITHKEYIHENCEWEARRIVEATTHEDENITIONASECRECYSYSTEMISAFAMILYOFUNIQUELYREVERSIBLETRANSFORMATIONSTIOFASETOFPOSSIBLEMESSAGESINTOASETOFCRYPTOGRAMSTHETRANSFORMATIONTIHAVINGANASSOCIATEDPROBABILITYPICONVERSELYANYSETOFENTITIESOFTHISTYPEWILLBECALLEDASECRECYSYSTEMTHESETOFPOSSIBLEMESSAGESWILLBECALLEDFORCONVENIENCETHEMESSAGESPACEANDTHESETOFPOSSIBLECRYPTOGRAMSTHECRYPTOGRAMSPACETWOSECRECYSYSTEMSWILLBETHESAMEIFTHEYCONSISTOFTHESAMESETOFTRANSFORMATIONSTIWITHTHESAMEMESSAGESANDCRYPTOGRAMSPACERANGEANDDOMAINANDTHESAMEPROBABILITIESFORTHEKEYSASECRECYSYSTEMCANBEVISUALIZEDMECHANICALLYASAMACHINEWITHONEORMORECONTROLSONITASEQUENCEOFLETTERSTHEMESSAGEISFEDINTOTHEINPUTOFTHEMACHINEANDASECONDSERIESEMERGESATTHEOUTPUTTHEPARTICULARSETTINGOFTHECONTROLSCORRESPONDSTOTHEPARTICULARKEYBEINGUSEDSOMESTATISTICALMETHODMUSTBEPRESCRIBEDFORCHOOSINGTHEKEYFROMALLTHEPOSSIBLEONESTOMAKETHEPROBLEMMATHEMATICALLYTRACTABLEWESHALLASSUMETHATTHEENEMYKNOWSTHESYSTEMBEINGUSEDTHATISHEKNOWSTHEFAMILYOFTRANSFORMATIONSTIANDTHEPROBABILITIESOFCHOOSINGVARIOUSKEYSITMIGHTBEOBJECTEDTHATTHISASSUMPTIONISUNREALISTICINTHATTHECRYPTANALYSTOFTENDOESNOTKNOWWHATSYSTEMWASUSEDORTHEPROBABILITIESINQUESTIONTHEREARETWOANSWERSTOTHISOBJECTIONTHERESTRICTIONISMUCHWEAKERTHANAPPEARSATRSTDUETOOURBROADDENITIONOFWHATCONSTITUTESASECRECYSYSTEMSUPPOSEACRYPTOGRAPHERINTERCEPTSAMESSAGEANDDOESNOTKNOWWHETHERASUBSTITUTIONTRANSPOSITIONORVIGENERETYPECIPHERWASUSEDHECANCONSIDERTHEMESSAGEASBEINGENCIPHEREDBYASYSTEMINWHICHPARTOFTHEKEYISTHESPECICATIONOFWHICHOFTHESETYPESWASUSEDTHENEXTPARTBEINGTHEPARTICULARKEYFORTHATTYPETHESETHREEDIFFERENTPOSSIBILITIESAREASSIGNEDPROBABILITIESACCORDINGTOHISBESTESTIMATESOFTHEAPRIORIPROBABILITIESOFTHEENCIPHERERUSINGTHERESPECTIVETYPESOFCIPHERTHEASSUMPTIONISACTUALLYTHEONEORDINARYUSEDINCRYPTOGRAPHICSTUDIESITISPESSIMISTICANDHENCESAFEBUTINTHELONGRUNREALISTICSINCEONEMUSTEXPECTHISSYSTEMTOBEFOUNDOUTEVENTUALLYTHUSEVENWHENANENTIRELYNEWSYSTEMISDEVISEDSOTHATTHEENEMYCANNOTASSIGNANYAPRIORIPROBABILITYTOITWITHOUTDISCOVERINGITHIMSELFONEMUSTSTILLLIVEWITHTHEEXPECTATIONOFHISEVENTUALKNOWLEDGETHESITUATIONISSIMILARTOTHATOCCURRINGINTHETHEORYOFGAMESWHEREITISASSUMEDTHATTHEOPPONENTNDSOUTTHESTRATEGYOFPLAYBEINGUSEDINBOTHCASESTHEASSUMPTIONSERVESTODELINEATESHARPLYTHEOPPONENTSKNOWLEDGEASECONDPOSSIBLEOBJECTIONTOOURDENITIONOFSECRECYSYSTEMSISTHATNOACCOUNTISTAKENOFTHECOMMONPRACTICEOFINSERTINGNULLSINAMESSAGEANDTHEUSEOFMULTIPLESUBSTITUTESINSUCHCASESTHEREISNOTAUNIQUECRYPTOGRAMFORAGIVENMESSAGEANDKEYBUTTHEENCIPHERERCANCHOOSEATWILLFROMAMONGANUMBEROFDIFFERENTCRYPTOGRAMSTHISSITUATIONCOULDBEHANDLEDBUTWOULDONLYADDCOMPLEXITYATTHEPRESENTSTAGEWITHOUTSUBSTANTIALLYALTERINGANYOFTHEBASICRESULTSIFTHEMESSAGESAREPRODUCEDBYAMARKOFFPROCESSOFTHETYPEDESCRIBEDINTOREPRESENTANINFORMATIONSOURCETHEPROBABILITIESOFVARIOUSMESSAGESAREDETERMINEDBYTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEMARKOFFPROCESSFORTHEPRESENTHOWEVERWEWISHTOTAKEAMOREGENERALVIEWOFTHESITUATIONANDREGARDTHEMESSAGESASMERELYANABSTRACTSETOFENTITIESWITHASSOCIATEDPROBABILITIESNOTNECESSARILYCOMPOSEDO
2009年03月18日 06点03分 21
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