本文节译自Quenya - the Ancient Tongue一文中THE STRUCTURE OF QUENYA（Quenya的体系结构），原文是一篇比较简略的概括性文章，译文主要是关于其中的动词这部分的一些入门介绍。
阅读说明：
1.一些特有名词等会在译者认为有必要的情况下加以解释，说明内容包含在【】之中。
2.译文的括号内容大多是原文采用括号（）标识的内容，译文中个别简单的英文释义也使用（）
3.本来译者不确定的内容都有颜色标识，但是我刚发现AED吧的发帖回帖操作都不能编辑字体格式，所以就暂行略去了，手上的原稿还是有保留的，如果有更好的方法希望提供！

The Verb
动词
Most Quenya verbs can be divided into two categories. The smallest group may be termed basic (or primary) verbs. The stem of such a verb represents a basic root with no additions. For instance, the verb mat- "eat" comes directly from the Eldarin root-word MAT- of similar meaning (LR:371); the verb tul- "come" is simply a manifestation of the root-word TUL "come, approach" (LR:395).
在Quenya中，动词可被分为两类。其中最小的或可以被称为基本动词。每个基本动词的词干就代表着一个未附着任何成分的基本词根。举例来说，动词mat- "eat"直接源于Eldarin中的词根词MAT- 【词根词，“root-word”，即不含任何前后缀的单词】，二者含义相同。（参见 LR：371）；动词tul- "come"则无非是词根词TUL "come, approach"的一种表达而已。（参见LR：359）.
【LR即HoME5 The Lost Road and Other Writings】
The second, larger group of Quenya verbs may be termed A-stems, or derived verbs. They all show the final vowel -a, but it is not part of the basic root; their stems have added some ending to this root. The endings -ya and -ta are by far the commonest. For instance, the root TUL "come" yields not only the basic verb tul- "come", but also the longer A-stems tulta- "to summon" and tulya- "to bring". Here the endings are seen to modify the root meaning; in this case both -ta and -ya are causative, since "to summon" and "to bring" are variations of the idea "to make come". But often, the endings seem to make no difference for the meaning (the root SIR "flow" produces the Quenya basic verb sir- of the same sense, but in a related language the derived verb sirya- is used for the same meaning: LR:384). Some A-stem verbs show less frequent endings like -na (e.g. harna- "to wound", apparently derived from the adjective or participle harna "wounded"); there are also a few A-stems that end in the simple ending -a, e.g. ora- "to urge".
第二类，也是更为丰富的一类Quenya动词，也许可以被称为A型词干动词，或者说衍生动词。此类动词末尾处均有元音字母-a，但它【即-a】并不是基本词根的成分；它们的词干，在此词根的基础上，已经被添加了一些词尾。其中，词尾-ya和-ta是目前最常见的。举例来说，词根TUL "come"不仅给出了基本动词tul- "come"，还产生了更长的A型词干动词tulta- "to summon"和tulya- "to bring"。以此观之，其中的词尾已经修饰了原来词根的含义；产生这种变化的正是-ta和-ya，因为"to summon"（召来）和"to bring"（带来）都使原意"to make come"（使之来）产生了变动。但通常来说，添加词尾不会使词根的含义有太大的差异（词根SIR "flow"产生了同义的基本动词sir- ，但在相关的语言中其衍生动词sirya-的含义也完全相同，参见LR：384）。有些A型词干动词有着较少见的词尾，比如 -na（例如harna- "to wound"，明显派生于形容词或分词的harna "wounded"）；也有极少的A型词干动词以简单词尾-a作结，例如，ora- "to urge"。

However, the simplest derived verbs, with only the short ending -a, may show the normal lengthening of the stem-vowel as well (since there is no consonant cluster following the vowel). A verb like mapa- "grasp, seize" may therefore form its perfect tense just as if it were a primary verb **map-: perfect tense presumably amápië. The numerous A-stem verbs in -ya may behave in a similar way. When the perfect ending -ië is added to a verb in -a, regularly displacing the final -a, we would expect the final combination **-yië, but Quenya cannot have y + i. Therefore, -yi- is simplified to -i-, so that nothing is left of the original ending -ya. In short, the perfect tense of a verb in -ya can be formed as if this ending were not present at all, leaving only the basic root of the verb, which necessarily behaves as a primary verb in the perfect tense.
然而，那些形式最为简单，只带有短词尾-a的衍生动词，其词干元音或许也会得到加长（因为其元音后并无辅音音丛）。因此，像mapa-"grasp, seize"这样的一个动词，或许可以把它当作基本动词**map一样来处理：这样一来其完成式当为amápië。众多以-ya作结的A型词干动词亦循此例。当标志完成时的词尾-ië加之于以-a作结的动词时，它通常会替换掉最末处的-a，我们可以料想到其最终结合**-yië，但是Quenya中不能出现y+i这种情况。故而-yi-将被略为-i-，如此一来原词尾-ya就一点也不剩了。总而言之，在-a作结的动词完成式的构成中，词尾ya-就像完全不存在一样，只余下该动词的基本词根，而对基本动词来说，这一点是必须也是确实会遵循的。
We may have one attested example: In the Etymologies, Tolkien listed a verb vanya- "go, depart, disappear" (LR:397 s.v. WAN). What could be its perfect tense, avánië, appears in Namárië (there with the plural ending -r to go with a plural subject; Galadriel sings yéni avánier, translated "the long years are gone", more literally "...have passed away"). The form avánië displays all the features a perfect-tense verb can have: prefixing of the stem-vowel as an augment a-, lengthening of the stem-vowel to á in its normal position, and suffixing of the ending -ië (completely displacing the -ya of vanya-). In one post-LotR source, Tolkien discussed this perfect-tense form occurring in Namárië and (re-?)interpreted it as the perfect tense of the very irregular verb auta- "go away": See WJ:366. However, it seems entirely possible that when Tolkien actually wrote Namárië more than a decade earlier, he thought of avánië as the perfect tense of the verb vanya-. If so, this example gives away how the numerous verbs in -ya behave in this tense. Perhaps the verb vanya- was later abandoned because it clashed with the adjective vanya "beautiful".
我们手头或许有一个得证的实例：在词源表中，托尔金列出了一个动词vanya- "go, depart, disappear" (LR:397 WAN条目下)。能够作为其完成式的形态avánië出现Namárië一诗中（这里跟在复数形式主语后故添了词尾-r；Galadriel唱到yéni avánier，可译为"the long years are gone"，要更增文学性可以表为"...have passed away"）。该形式avánië展示了一个完成时形态的动词可以拥有的所有特征：用词干元音作增添缀a-，原位置的词干元音加长为á以及作后缀的词尾-ië（完全取代了vanya-中的-ya）。在一份后指环王时代的文献中，托尔金讨论了Namárië一诗中的完成时形式且将其（重新？）解释为一个非常不规则的动词auta- "go away"的完成时形态：参见 WJ:366。然而，看起来也完全有这种可能，那就是当托尔金于十多年之前写下Namárië之时，他确实把avánië看作是动词vanya-的完成时形态。如果是这样的话，此例就阐明了众多以-ya作结的动词如何构成其完成式。或许动词vanya-被废弃的原因是它同形容词vanya"beautiful"产生了冲突。

Other forms: In addition to the five (known) tenses, the Quenya verb also may also appear in such forms as infinitive, gerund and imperative. The infinitive of a basic verb (e.g. quet- "to speak") shows the ending -ë, as in the example polin quetë "I can speak" (VT41:6). A-stem verbs apparently show no special endings in the infinitive; the stem and the infinitive are simply identical (for instance, the verb lelya- "go" would have the infinitive lelya "to go"). Thus, the infinitive is identical in form to an (endingless) aorist. Quenya also has an extended infinitive which adds the ending -ta; when added to the infinitive of a basic verb, its ending -ë instead appears as -i-: While the simplest infinitive of the verb car- "to do, to make" is carë, its extended infinitive is thus carita. The extended infinitive may receive pronominal endings denoting the object of the infinitive, e.g. -s "it" in caritas "to do it".
其他形式：除五种（已知的）时态外，Quenya的动词同样可以以如下这些形式出现：动词不定式、动名词以及动词的祈使语气。基本动词（以quet- "to speak"为例）的动词不定式展现出词尾-ë，正如此例polin quetë "I can speak"(VT41:6)。A型词干动词的不定式看上去没有任何特殊词尾；词干和动词不定式完全相同（例如，动词lelya- “go”会有其不定式lelya "to go"）。因此动词不定式在形式上和（无词尾的）不定过去式相同。Quenya中也有一种带有词尾-ta的扩展不定式；当它被加之于基本动词的不定式时，其词尾-ë被替换为-i-：动词car- "to do, to make" 的最简不定式为carë，此时其扩展不定式应为carita。扩展不定时可能会带有代词性词尾表示不定式的宾语，例如-s "it" 之于 caritas "to do it"。
The extended infinitive may also function as a gerund, that is, a verbal noun the English equivalent of which is formed with the ending -ing. (This English ending is also used to form active participles, but they are quite distinct in Quenya, ending in -la instead.) An extended infinitive is seen to function as an gerund in the sentence lá carita i hamil mára alasaila ná, "not to do [or, not doing] what you judge good would be unwise" (VT42:33). Another infinitival/gerundial ending is -ië, as in the verbal noun tyalië "play(ing)" vs. the basic verb tyal- "to play". The final -a of an A-stem verb would apparently be omitted before the ending -ië is added (and in the case of a verb ending in -ya, this entire ending would have to go, since **-yië would be an impossible combination).
扩展不定式也可能会起动名词即动词化名词的功能。在英语中动名词的构成等同于添加词尾-ing。（该词尾在英语中同样用来构成主动分词，但Quenya中主动分词和动名词构有很大差异，Quenya的主动分词使用词尾-la作结。）扩展不定式起动名词之用可见于此句：lá carita i hamil mára alasaila ná, "not to do [or, not doing] what you judge good would be unwise" (VT42:33)。另一个表示动词不定式/动名词的词尾是-ië，正如此例：动词化名词 tyalië "play(ing)" 对照基本动词 tyal- "to play"。A型词干动词最末的-a显然会在添加词尾-ië之前被移除（对于以-ya作结的动词，这个词尾将被完整地移除，因为**-yië是一个不合理的组合）。
Combined with the dative ending -n "to, for", such gerunds in -ië may express the meaning of English infinitives signifying "[in order] to do": The verb enyal- "recall" is attested in the form enyalien "[in order] to recall/commemorate", which Tolkien explained as a gerund inflected for dative (UT:317).
同与格词尾-n"to, for"结合后，这些以-ië作结的动名词可以表达出英语中不定式的表意系统"[in order] to do"：动词enyal- "recall"有已得证的实例形式enyalien "[in order] to recall/commemorate"，托尔金将之解释为受与格影响的动名词(UT:317)。

The imperative may be formed by placing the independent imperative particle á in front of a form similar to the simplest infinitive (or endingless aorist). Thus from carë "to do" may be formed the imperative phrase á carë "do!" or "make!" The imperative particle may also appear in the shorter form a, as when the Ring-bearers were hailed with the cry a laita te! "bless them!" on the Fields of Cormallen. (Possibly the short form a is preferred when there is a long vowel or diphthong in the following verbal stem, like the diphthong ai of the verb laita- "bless, praise".) A negative imperative may be introduced by áva "don't!", e.g. áva carë "don't do [it]!" (WJ:371).
动词的祈使语气或许可以通过在类似于最简不定式的形式（或是无词尾的不定过去式）前插入独立的祈使微元á来实现。这样一来，carë "to do"的祈使形式将被构建为á carë "do!"或"make!"。祈使微元也有可能以更短的形式即a来出现，就像在Cormallen原野上，魔戒携带者们被赞颂时人们的呐喊a laita te! "bless them!"。（简短形式a有可能在这种情况成为首选：它之后的动词词干中存在长元音或是双元音，如动词laita- "bless, praise"中的双元音ai。）否定祈使语气可以由áva "don't!"来引导，例如áva carë "don't do [it]!" (WJ:371)。
There are also a few attested imperative forms that do not include the independent imperative particle, but employ the related ending -a. Thus we have exclamations like ela! "look!" or heca! "be gone!" (WJ:364).
也有极少量已得证的实例显示了不含独立祈使微元的祈使形式，但它们都用了叙述性的词尾-a。因此我们有如下感叹语：ela! "look!" 或者 heca! "be gone!" (WJ:364)。
Cf. also ëa! as the imperative of the verb "exist", used by Eru Ilúvatar when he grants independent existence to the Music of the Ainur: "Eä! Let these things Be!" It is not known how productive Tolkien intended this formation to be. It may be that basic verbs may have alternative imperative forms with the ending -a (distinct from the present tense since the stem-vowel is not lengthened). For instance, perhaps the imperative of car- "do" may be *cara! as well as á carë!
查阅：还有ëa!作动词"exist"的祈使形式。它被用在Eru Ilúvatar赐予圣贤宏乐存在的时刻所言："Eä! Let these things Be!"我们并不知道托尔金采用这种构成的意图有多么富于创造性。或许，基本动词可以选用带词尾-a的祈使形式（有别于现在时态，因为词干元音并未加长）。例如，car- "do" 的祈使形式可以是*cara!，而á carë也是完全合理的。

Special verbs: Not all Quenya verbs fit readily into the system sketched above. "Irregularities" are often historically justified in terms of the underlying phonological evolution Tolkien had in mind, and in this perspective the verbs are not irregular at all. So let us speak of "special" rather than "irregular" verbs.
特殊动词：并非所有Quenya动词都依循以上简述的系统规则。从历史角度看，“不规则者”经常合理地出现在托尔金所构想的潜藏的音韵学演进过程中，以此观之，这些动词并非完全不合道理。那么就让我们把它们称作“特殊”动词而非“不规则”动词吧。
One example of an historically justified "irregularity" is provided to the verb rer- "to sow". We might expect its past tense to be **rernë; cf. such examples as tir- "watch", past tense tirnë. But the actual past tense "sowed" is rendë. The discrepancy is easily explained: Whereas the verb tir- "to watch" directly reflects a primitive root TIR, so that the r had been r all along, the final -r of the verb rer- "to sow" actually comes from an earlier d: The original root is RED (LR:383). The past tense rendë is formed by simple nasal-infixion of this root, so this past tense is actually wholly analogous to (say) quentë as the regular past tense of quet- "to say, speak"
历史缘由所生的“不规则者”的其中一个例子就是动词rer- "to sow"。我们可以推想其过去式为**rernë；比较：合乎规则的实例tir- "watch"，过去式为tirnë。但实际上，其过去式"sowed"是rendë。这种矛盾很容易解释：鉴于动词tir- "to watch"直接反映了一个原始词根TIR，其中的r自然不需变动，动词rer-中最末的r其实源于早先的d：其原始词根是RED(LR:383)。过去式rendë由词根添再加简单的鼻音中缀来构成，所以这个过去式同规则变化的quet- "to say, speak"的过去式quentë事实上是如出一辙的。
However, as Quenya evolved from primitive Elvish, an original d following a vowel normally became z and then r. So the root RED produced a primary verb rez- > rer-, but in the past tense form rendë, the nasal infix "shielded" the original d from the preceding vowel. Thus it remained d. - Other verbs that may belong to this category include hyar- "to cleave", ser- "to rest" and nir- "to press, thrust", since they are derived from roots SYAD, SED, NID (see VT41:17 about the latter). However, the past tense forms hyandë, sendë, nindë are not explicitly mentioned in published material.
然而，由于Quenya是从原始精灵语演化而来，故原先跟在元音之后的d通常都会变成z，继而成为r。所以词根RED产生的一个基本动词是由rez-到rer-，但是在过去式rendë中，鼻音中缀防止了位前元音对d的作用，这样一来d就得到了保留。其他可能属于此类的动词还包括hyar- "to cleave", ser- "to rest" and nir- "to press, thrust"，因为它们都分别源自这些词根SYAD, SED, NID（有关后面这几个 参见 VT41:17）。但它们的过去式hyandë, sendë, nindë并未明确地出现在已出版的材料中。
One attested form that would belong in this category is lendë "went" as the past tense of the verb "to go, travel". The form lendë arises by nasal-infixion of a base LED (listed in the Etymologies; according to the WJ:363 it is re-formed from even older DEL). The basic form of the verb "to go" is lelya- (from older ledyâ), so the past tense lendë also illustrates another phenomenon: some verbs in -ya drop this ending in the past tense, which is then formed just as if we were dealing with a primary verb. Especially interesting in this regard is the verb ulya- "to pour", which Tolkien noted has a double past tense: "Poured" in the transitive tense, as in "the man poured water in a cup", is ulyanë with the normal past tense ending -në added to -ya: a perfectly "regular" form according to the rules set out above.
一个已得证可归于此类的实例形式是lendë "went"作动词"to go, travel"的过去式。lendë这个形式是在LED的基础上加鼻音中缀形成的（该形式被列在词源表中，根据WJ:363的说法，它是由更古老的DEL重构造而来）。动词"to go"的基本形式是lelya-（来自于早先的ledyâ），所以过去式lendë说明了另一个现象：一些以-ya作结的动词的过去式丢弃了这个词尾，这种构成方式就好像我们在处理一个基本动词一样。于此尤其有趣的是动词ulya- "to pour"，托尔金将之注解为一个双过去式："Poured"的一种传递时态，就像在"the man poured water in a cup"中一样，是带有通常的过去式词尾-në的ulyanë再加上-ya而得到的：一个基于法则的完美的“规则”形式如上所列。
However, the past tense "poured" in the intransitive sense, as in "the river poured into the gorge", is ullë. Notice how the ending -ya is suppressed and the past tense is formed directly from the stem UL. We do not have enough material to tell whether this suppression of -ya before the past tense ending -në is something that regularly occurs. It may be noted that the past tense of the verb farya- "to suffice" is given as farnë (not **faryanë); this form seems to support such a theory (LR:381 s.v. PHAR).
然而，过去式 "poured"在非传递时态中则不同，比如在"the river poured into the gorge"之中是ullë。注意词尾-ya是如何被抑制住的，这个过去式的构成直接源于词干UL。我们并没有足够的材料来说明过去式词尾-në对-ya的抑制是否是作为一种常规行为发生的。我们可以看到，动词farya- "to suffice"的过去式以farnë形式给出（而非**faryanë）；这个构成似乎支持了这种理论（LR:381 PHAR条目下）。
As we have already touched on, Tolkien may have replaced the verb vanya- "to disappear" with auta- "go away, leave", which has a double set of past and perfect tenses: past oantë with perfect oantië if the verb is used with reference to physically leaving one place and going to another, but past tense vánë with perfect avánië when the verb is used of disappearing or dying off. The word vanwa "gone, lost, vanished, departed" is said to be the "past participle" of this verb, though it seems so irregular that it could just as well be treated as an independent adjective. See WJ:366.
就如我们在前文所接触到的，托尔金可能用auta- "go away, leave"替代了动词vanya- "to disappear"，前者的过去和完成两种时态分别有两组形式：如果动词本身指物理上的从一处行至另外一处，则用过去式oantë和完成式oantië，如果指消失或是相继死亡，就要用另一组：过去式vánë和完成式avánië。单词vanwa "gone, lost, vanished, departed"据说是这个动词的过去分词，尽管它看上去如此不规则以至于可以被当做一个独立的形容词来对待。参见WJ:366。

以上为译文全文。
本文翻译较为匆忙，译者没有任何语言学或是Quenya的基础，翻译为兴趣所在，欢迎各类探讨，翻译时就几个问题问了@Trahald 大神的意见，不过当时并未把全文给大神看，所以错漏必有不少，欢迎指正，原文全文的另一种译文可在魔戒中文论坛一个老帖子找到，具体记不太清了，译了大半才发现的，如有兴趣可以找来对比一下。
除E大无私答疑之外还要感谢@青簪传说 、@Noldorlante 、@AA东篱1 、@NNcissa 、@逆之黑爱 、@_诗蝶 等AED的几位，在翻译前期分配、翻译过程中的讨论里，以及译完试读中都给与我了很大的支持和鼓励，促使我能够把这篇（看似）枯燥的文章看完。虽然也是皮毛，于我自己收获还是蛮大的，本文有很多实例，相关论述也能照顾到入门者所需的方方面面，但最使我感动的还是能够借此一窥所谓的托老所构想的“潜藏的音韵学演进过程”，这些是虽故事后台的事情，设定之细腻，雕琢之精巧，不逊于前台的任何一幕。
最后说一下排版，乱糟糟的，好在相关的部分我都划到一层里去了，希望你至少不会迷失在层与层之间XD，谢谢！

transitive 和 intransitive 分别指“及物”、“不及物”
"Poured" in the transitive tense, as in "the man poured water in a cup", is ulyanë with the normal past tense ending -në added to -ya: a perfectly "regular" form according to the rules set out above. However, the past tense "poured" in the intransitive sense, as in "the river poured into the gorge", is ullë.
及物的"poured"——如“the man poured water in a cup”——是 ulyane，由常规的过去时词尾 -ne 连到 -ya 后面构成：依以上给出的规律这是完全“规则”的形式。过去时的不及物含义的“poured”——如“the river poured into the gorge”——是 ulle
* 我怀疑前面的 tense 应该是 sense 才对。不过不要紧，大概意思

黑白辛苦了!!

黑白辛苦.没出力不太好意思////