日俄战争(日本方面称为日露战争)是1904年2月6日爆发，1905年9月5日结束的，俄国和日本为争夺在朝鲜半岛和中国东北霸权的战争。当时中国满清政府宣布中立，并在满州开划战区。日俄战争促成日本在东北亚取得军事优势，并取得在中国驻军的能力，令俄国于东北的拓展受阻挠。但是由于战区不在日本，这令到战区内的中国东北居民无辜被卷入战争之中，平民伤亡惨重，亦显示出满清政府的软弱无能。The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was an extremely bloody conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of Imperial Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. The war was fought principally over possession of the town of Port Arthur (aka Lushun and Ryojun) and the Liaodong Peninsula plus the railway from the port to HarbinPort Arthur ：Old Western name for Lüshunkou (a.k.a. Lushun), now only a part of the ice-free seaport city Dalian on the Liaodong Peninsula in the south of Manchuria (China). Site of the Battle of Port Arthur. 

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Japan began a long siege of Port Arthur, which had been heavily fortified by the Russians. On August 10, 1904, the Russian fleet attempted to break out from Port Arthur and proceed to Vladivostok, but they were intercepted and defeated at the Battle of the Yellow Sea. The remnant of the Russian fleet remained in Port Arthur, where they were slowly sunk by the artillery of the besieging army. Attempts to relieve the city from the land also failed, and after the Battle of Liaoyang in late August, the Russians retreated to Shenyang. Port Arthur finally fell on January 2, 1905, after a series of brutal, high-casualty assaults.

库页岛，或称萨哈林岛（Сахалин）处于俄罗斯萨哈林州，名称来自于满语，中文一般称为库页岛，而日文则称为桦太（からふと）。在中国明朝 时称他们为苦夷，把该岛叫做苦夷岛，后来才转音变为 库页岛。在爱努语中，该岛被称为“kamuy kar put ya mosir”，该名称的含义为“神在河口创造的岛”，而日语“桦太”的名称则源自“kar put”的对应汉字，也就是“河口”的意思。位于黑龙江（阿穆尔江）出海口的东部，东面和北面临鄂霍次克海，西面隔鞑靼海峡与大陆相望。南隔宗谷海峡与日本相隔。南北长达984千米，东西宽6-160千米，面积7.64万平方千米。该岛富有森林、石油、天然气、煤等资源。

1806年：沙俄海军士官向久春古丹烧讨。 1807年：本岛南部再度成为幕府的直辖地。沙俄海军士官于择捉岛及留多加发动袭击。 1808年、江戸幕府が、最上徳内、松田伝十郎、间宫林蔵を相次いで派遣。松田伝十郎が桦太最西端ラッカ岬（北纬52度）に“大日本国国境”の标柱を建てる。 1809年、间宫林蔵が桦太が岛であることを発见し、呼称を北虾夷と正式に定める。松田伝十郎が桦太统治に贡献した。また、山丹贸易を幕府公认とし、アイヌを事実上日本人として扱った。 1821年、桦太が松前藩领になる。 1840年鸦片战争后，中国清朝走向衰落。沙俄强迫中国签订了《中俄瑷珲条约》后，又以调停中英法第二次鸦片战争为借口，强迫中国签订《北京条约》，将黑龙江以北、乌苏里江以东包括库页岛在内的共100多万平方公里的领土割让于俄国。 1853年、ロシアが、北桦太北端クエグト岬に露国旗を掲げ、领有を宣言。ロシア军が久春古丹を袭撃する。ロシア使节プチャーチン来日。长崎に于いて桦太・千岛の国境交渉と交易を求め、日本全権筒井肥前守・川路圣谟と交渉したが、决裂した。 1855年、日鲁和亲条约により、1852年までに日本人（大和民族）とアイヌ民族が居住した土地は日本领、その他当面国境を定めないことを决定した。 1859年、ロシア东部総督ムラヴィヨフは、军舰7只を率いて品川に来航。桦太全土は露领と威吓したが、幕府はこれを拒否する。 1865年、冈本监辅が、桦太最北端ガオト岬（北纬55度）に至り、“大日本领”と记した标柱を建てる。 1867年、ロシアが强大な军事力を背景にペテルブルグの国境交渉で、幕府に迫り、桦太仮规则に调印。初めて正式に日露两国の共同管理地となり、两国民が雑居したが、纷争が绝えなかった。 1870年2月13日、桦太开拓使が开拓使から分离して、久春古丹に开设される。 1871年8月7日、桦太开拓使を闭锁し、开拓使に再度统合する。

1875年5月7日：日本与沙俄签订《桦太‧千岛交换条约》，俄国把千岛列岛给了日本，要求日本不再库页岛上的权利。日本宣布完全放弃本岛的领有权，全岛归由沙俄管治。 1905年：日俄战争，日本军全面占领本岛。

1905年9月5日：根据日俄战争后的《朴茨茅斯和约》，俄国需割让本岛北纬50度以南的领土与日本。日本在割让地设立桦太民政署。 1907年3月15日：桦太民政署升格成为桦太厅。 1908年3月31日：日本内务省发出告示，指示地名的日本语式汉字表记的转变。 1915年6月26日：日本发表《敕令第101号桦太ノ郡町村编制ニ关スル件》，在南桦太设立17郡4町58村。 1918年：日本趁俄国十月革命发生时，再次向西伯利亚出兵，并占领本岛北部，直到1925年方撤兵。 1929年、拓务省の指示下に桦太庁が编入される。 1929年3月26日、桦太町村制が公示され、町村に自治制が敷かれる。

In August 1945, the Soviet Union took over the control of Sakhalin. The Soviet attack on South Sakhalin started on August 11, 1945. The 56th Sniper Corps consisting of the 79th Sniper Division, the 2nd Sniper Brigade, the 5th Sniper Brigade and the 214 Armored Brigade attacked the Japanese 88th Division.Although the Red Army greatly outnumbered the Japanese three times, they couldn't advance due to strong Japanese resistance. It was not until the 113rd Sniper Brigade and the 365th Independent Marine Sniper Battalion from Sovietskaya Gavan(Советская Гавань) landed on 塔路, a seashore village of western Sakhalin on August 16 that the Soviets broke the Japanese defense line.Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fightings continued until August 21 and these fightings were petty. From August 22 to August 23, most of the remaining Japanese units announced truce.The Soviets completed the conquest of Sakhalin on August 25, 1945 by occupying the capital of Sakhalin, 大泊(Yuzhno Sakhalinsk).Since January 2, 1947, the Sakhalin Region, in its present form, was officially defined and integrated as a part of the Russian Federation.No final peace treaty has been signed, and the status of the neighbouring Kuril Islands remain disputed. Japan renounced its claims of sovereignty over southern Sakhalin in the Treaty of San Francisco (1952), but did not approve Russian sovereignty over it. From Japan's official position, Sakhalin's attribution is not determined yet.Korean Air flight 007, a South Korean civilian airliner, flew over Sakhalin and was shot down, just west of the island, by the Soviet Union on 1 September 1983, killing all 269 passengers and crew.On May 28, 1995, an earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,000 people of the town of Neftegorsk.[edit]GeographySakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Mamiya Strait or Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and from Hokkaido (Japan) by the Soya Strait or Strait of La Pérouse. Sakhalin is the largest island of the Russian Federation, being 948 km (589 miles) long, and 25 to 170 km (16 to 105 miles) wide, with an area of 78,000 km² (30,100 mi²).Its orography and geological structure are imperfectly known. Nearly two-thirds of Sakhalin is mountainous. Two parallel ranges of mountains traverse it from north to south, reaching 600–1500 m (2000–5000 ft). The Western Sakhalin Mountains peak in Mt. Ichara, 1481 m (4860 ft), while the Eastern Sakhalin Mountains's highest peak is Mt. Lopatin 1609 m (5279 ft) is also the island's highest mountain. Tym-Poronaiskaya Valley separates the two ranges. Susuanaisky and Tonino-Anivsky ranges traverse the island in the south, while the swampy Northern-Sakhalin plain occupies most of its north.Crystalline rocks crop out at several capes; Cretaceous limestones, containing an abundant and specific fauna of gigantic ammonites, occur at Dui on the west coast, and Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, marls and clays, folded by subsequent upheavals, in many parts of the island. The clays, which contain layers of good coal and an abundant fossil vegetation, show that during the Miocene period Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north Asia, Alaska and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate. The Pliocene deposits contain a mollusc fauna more arctic than that which exists at the present time, indicating probably that the connection between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans was broader than it is now.Main rivers: the Tym, 400 km (250 miles) long and navigable by rafts and light boats for 80 km (50 miles), flows north and north-east with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of Okhotsk. The Poronai flows south-south-east to the Gulf of Patience or Shichiro Bay, on the south-east coast. Three other small streams enter the wide semicircular Gulf of Aniva or Higashifushimi Bay at the southern extremity of the island.

Sakhalin is a classic "resource economy" relying on oil & gas exports, coal mining, forestry, and fishing. There are also some coal deposits and limited quantities of rye, wheat, oats, barley and vegetables are grown, although the growing season averages less than 100 days.Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic liberalization, Sakhalin has experienced an oil boom with extensive petroleum exploration and mining by most large oil multinationals. The oil and natural gas reserves contain an estimated 14 billion barrels (2.2 km³) of oil and 96 trillion cubic feet (2,700 km³) of gas.In 1996, two large consortium’s signed contracts to explore for oil and gas off the northeast coast of the island, Sakhalin-I and Sakhalin-II. The two consortium’s are estimated to spend a combined $21 billion U.S. dollars on the two projects. This will include an estimated $1 billion (US) to upgrade the islands infrastructure: roads, bridges, waste management sites, airports, railways, communications systems, and ports. In addition, Sakhalin-III-through-VI are in various early stages of development.The Sakhalin-I project, managed by Exxon Neftgas Limited (ENL), completed a production-sharing agreement (PSA) between the Sakhalin-I consortium, the Russian Federation, and the Sakhalin government. Russia is in the process of building a 136 mile (219 km) pipeline across the Tatar Strait from Sakhalin Island to De-Kastri on the Russian mainland. From De-Kastri it will be loaded onto tankers for transport to East Asian markets, namely Japan, South Korea, and China.The second consortium, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. (Sakhalin Energy) is managing the Sakhalin-II project. They completed the first ever production-sharing agreement (PSA) with the Russian Federation. Sakhalin Energy will build two 800 km pipelines running from the northeast of the island to Prigorodnoye (Prigorodnoe) on Aniva Bay at the southern end. The consortium will also build, at Prigorodnoye, the first ever liquid natural gas (LNG) plant to be built in Russia. The oil and gas is also bound for East Asian markets. Sakhalin-II has come under fire from environmental groups, namely Sakhalin Environment Watch, for dumping dredging in Aniva Bay. The groups are also worried about the offshore pipelines interfering with the migration of whales off the island.In 2000, the oil and gas industry accounted for 57.5% of Sakhalin's industrial output. By 2006, it is expected to account for 80% of the island's industrial output. Sakhalin's economy is growing rapidly thanks to its oil and gas industry. The island has recently become the second largest recipient of foreign investment in Russia after Moscow. Unemployment in 2002 was only 2%.The idea of building a fixed link between Sakhalin and the Russian mainland was first mooted in the 1930s. In the 1940s, an abortive attempt was made to link the island via a 10 km long undersea tunnel. The workers supposedly made it almost to the half-way point before the project was abandoned under Nikita Khrushchev. In 2000, the Russian government revived the idea, adding a suggestion that a 40 km long bridge could be constructed between Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido, providing Japan with a direct connection to the Euro-Asian railway network. It was claimed that construction work could begin as early as 2001. The idea was received skeptically by the Japanese government and appears to have been shelved, probably permanently, after the cost was estimated at as much as US$50 billion.

The dispute results from an ambiguity over the Treaty of San Francisco (1951). Under Article 2c), Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kuril Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of 5 September 1905.

今日北方四岛之争乃昨日日俄战争之继续。而今日中国之中立国策实乃昨日大清帝国之继续也！呜呼哀哉！

赋诗一首：乌云蔽月小路悠，蝉鸣扰人心中愁。辗转难眠为者何，莫非只因风不休？联俄陈兵北海边，喜忧交织绕心头。此时方知缘何故，思我边尘尚未收。

可是我英语不好啊~~

没什么的，看中文也可以理解我的意思。不过英文的资料介绍的更为详细。我们要是师夷长技以制夷，还是要学一些英文的。