Text 5　　　 Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gapsLong before Man lived on the earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these mammals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.1) _______________________________.Very occasionally: the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color; we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.2) _______________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.3) _______________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet4) _______________________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.5) _______________________________. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.[B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.[F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the .sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserve[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, simply reduced to a more stable form.参考译文早在人类出现之前，地球上就已经有了鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类、昆虫，和一些哺乳动物。虽然这些哺乳动物中有些是现代物种的祖先，但是另外的一些现在已经灭绝，也就是说，它们现今已没有后代存活。然而，我们对它们大多数都了解颇深，原因是他们的骨骼和甲壳留存在岩层中成为化石。我们由此可判断出他们的大小、外形、行走方式、饮食特点。真是非常偶然，岩层能够显现肌肤的纹理，因此，除了肤色外，我们可以相当准确地构想出一种已消亡几百万年的动物。这种有动物残骸的岩层可以体现很多原始大陆的特性，通常是其上生长的植被，甚至有关气候的状况。当动物死亡时，其尸体，骨骼或甲壳通常会被溪流冲走带进湖泊或者海洋，之后被淤泥覆盖。如果在海洋中生活，其尸体很可能会下沉并被淤泥掩埋。越来越多的淤泥将其覆盖，直至骨头或甲壳深嵌其中得以保存。我们了解的所有化石几乎都保存于由水流作用而形成的岩层中，而其中大部分化石是由水生动物或亲水动物形成的。由此可见尚未知晓的哺乳动物，鸟类，昆虫不计其数。已发掘到残骸的最早期动物都是构造单一的水生物。往后的则结构更为复杂，其中就有海百合，属海星的近亲，带有长触角，并被长茎吸附到海底或岩层上。同样还有蟹类生物，与残骸埋于角质的物质之下。残骸的每个断片都有两对脚，一对用于沙地行走，另一对用于游走。其头部呈盾牌状，带有一对复眼，其中常有成千上万的晶体。它们通常一到两英寸长，但有些长达两英尺。水生有壳动物在岩层中有着悠久的历史并且很多不同的种类都已众所周知。这些动物当中，菊石非常有趣而且尤为重要。它们有一个由许多孔穴组成的壳，每一个孔穴相当于它临时的一个家。随着年幼者长大它会生长出一个新的孔穴并将先前的那一个封掉。在多塞特海岸的岩层中可以看到成千上万这样的菊石。第一种有脊椎生物是鱼类，最早在三亿七千五百年前的岩层中为人所知。大约三亿年前两栖动物出现，它们既可以在陆地上又可以在海水中生活。它们体态庞大，有时长达八英寸，并且大多都生活在形成我们的煤层的沼泽滩中。两栖动物进化成爬行动物，而且它们将近一亿五千年以来一直都是最重要的生命形式，无论是在陆地上，海洋里还是天空中。大约七千五百万年前爬行生物纪元结束，其中大部分物种已经灭绝。哺乳动物的进化迅速，我们可以追溯许多熟悉的动物如大象和马的进化过程。许多后期的哺乳动物，现今虽已灭绝，但为原始人类所熟悉并且将其用壁画和骨雕勾勒出来。Text 6　Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.

One of the most important steps toward increasing the productivity of the poor is to make sure that they have access to educational opportunities that are at least as good as those available to the rest of the society. In fact we may very well want more educational attention directed toward them than to the children of the well-to-do, in order to overcome the social and psychological handicaps that may confront them. 1) _______________________________.Educational programs will not produce instant results. Neither will they increase the productivity and incomes of all the poor. Nevertheless, they constitute one of the great equalizers in our society.2) _______________________________. Unemployed persons or persons in relatively low-wage occupations and areas often do not know where better opportunities exist. Frequently, those in the areas where unemployment is low and wages are high are reluctant to publish this information for fear that an influx of labor will "spoil" what they have.3) _______________________________. Examples include blacks breaking into positions where they may be supervising whites, and practicing professions--medicine, dentistry, accounting, law, etc.-- in which their clients may be white. Occupational and professional mobility of groups that have traditionally been discriminated against was greatly enhanced by opening previously segregated schools at all levels to students of all groups.4) _______________________________. Some people are too old and some are too young to take advantage of them. Some are not healthy enough in either mind or body. Some may be victims of structural problems in the society. Any comprehensive or reasonably complete antipoverty program must include direct income transfers to those whose productivities cannot be increased sufficiently to enable them to earn minimum acceptable income levels.5) _______________________________.A very large part of present government income transfers is toward the aged through Social Security payments and Medicare. What could be more humane than taking care of the old? The fact is that many of the elderly people in our society are perfectly capable of supporting themselves, including the costs of their medical care. But Social Security payments and Medicare payments are made to them anyway, whether they are poor or not.[A]A great problem with using government transfers of income to alleviate poverty is that they are used to subsidize the nonpoor as well as the poor. This occurs largely because special interest groups manage to worm their way into the ranks of those eligible for subsidization, and politicians have a way of catering to the voting powers of special interest groups. [B]As a consequence of such dissatisfaction, considerable support has developed for direct income transfers in the form of negative income taxes[C]Even under the best of circumstances, policies designed to increase the incomes of the poor cannot eliminate all poverty. [D]In addition, vocational education and retraining programs may be useful in increasing the productivity of the adult poor. 

[E]There are additional ways of increasing the productivity of the poor. Hopefully, anti discrimination measures contribute toward this end, enabling qualified persons to break into professions or occupations that were closed to them by discriminatory practices.[F]Subsidies to farmers are much more generous to skilled, highly productive, and high income farmers than they are to the farming poor. But both veterans and farmers are highly visible, politically powerful groups.[G]Another important measure in increasing the productivity of the poor is the improvement of labor market information. 参考译文对于提高贫困人口生产力来说，其中最重要的一步是要确保他们获得受教育的机会，至少是和社会上其他人所能得到的同样好的教育机会。事实上，为了克服那些可能使他们怯步的社会障碍和心理障碍，我们可能非常希望将更多的教育关注投入到贫困人家的儿童身上而并非给富裕家庭的儿童以更多的关注。而且，职业教育和再培训计划可能有利于提高贫困成人的生产力。教育计划不会立竿见影。也不会提高所有贫困人口的生产力进而增加他们的收入。然而，它们在我们社会里是重要的协调者之一。提高贫困人口生产力的另一条重要途径是改善劳动力市场信息的渠道。失业人群和相对低收入人群通常不知道获取更好就业机会的渠道。在失业率低、收入高的领域通常情况下不乐意公布这类信息，唯恐汇集的劳动力会“破坏”原有的一切。提高贫困人口的方法还有其它许许多多。反歧视措施可望促成这样的结果——让合格的人群从事原本因一贯的歧视做法而禁止接受他们的职业。这样的例子包括黑人在其加入的职业岗位中可能会监督白人，还有从事专业的，如医科、牙科学、会计、法律等等，而其客户可能是白人。对所有不同群体的学生开放原来各级别的种族隔离学校，使原本一直受歧视的职业的和专业的群体流动性大幅度提高。即使在最妥善的情况下，针对提高贫困人口收入而出台的政策仍不能消除贫困。有些过分年长或年幼均不能从中受惠。有些则精神或生理上存在缺陷。有些则可能是社会结构问题的受害者。任何全面的或相当彻底的脱贫计划必须包括给那些生产力无法充足提高的人以直接所得转移以便使他们达到可接受的最低收入水平。利用政府的所得转移来缓解贫困的一个大问题是它既被用来救济贫困人口也用以补贴非贫困人口。这种情况发生主要是特殊利益组织设法通过欺瞒手段进入有资格获取救济的队伍中，而政客有办法满足特殊利益组织的投票权。目前政府所得转移中相当大一部分是通过社会保障资金和医疗保障方案为老年人士设计的。有什么能比关照老人更富于仁慈心呢？事实是，在我们的社会里，许多老人是有自力更生能力的。但是不管怎样, 社会保障资金和医疗费用是专门为他们设立的，无论他们是贫是富。Text 7　Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Patents, trademarks, and copyrights all impart monopoly rights on inventions, business identities, and intellectual property. 1) _______________________________.Inventions like the telephone and the electric light have revolutionized our lives and have brought riches to their inventors. Today immense expenditures are being poured into genetic research, research on faster microchips that can access larger computer memories, and research into more attractive consumer products. Both public and private research and development expenditures in 1985 were over $100 billion, and over a million scientists and engineers were employed.

2) _______________________________. Hundreds of countries were checked to ensure that the name was not previously trademarked and would not connote anything offensive to consumers. Then hundreds of millions of dollars were spent helping the public remember the new trademark. Firms like Gucci, Cartier, and Chanel invest heavily in their trade names. Chanel, for example, spends over $1 million a year on trade-name security alone.3) _______________________________. Software developers have formed an organization to fight unauthorized duplication, and record producers use ASCAP and BMI to pressure businesses to license music for commercial purposes. ASCAP and BMI send people into businesses to see if they play background music to entertain customers. If, for example, a radio is playing, they will ask the owner to purchase a license to play the radio in the store. If the owner refuses, the agent for ASCAP or BMI will immediately retain an attorney and file a lawsuit. The law is clear--playing music for commercial purposes without a license is unlawful unless you own the copyright to the music itself. ASCAP and BMI then prorate their proceeds to the copyright homers of the music being played. 4) _______________________________.5) _______________________________. However, businesses are hesitant to admit that their product line has been reproduced. Many fear that publicity may encourage further copying or that their customers will become wary of their brand names. In any event, counterfeiting substantially weakens the monopoly power associated with many patents, trademarks, and copyrights.[A]Trademarks are another device conveying monopoly power to firms. Several million dollars were spent developing the EXXON name.[B]Copyrights protect intellectual property in a number of areas including books, records, video tapes, and computer software, as well as product designs.[C]Today, counterfeit goods are threatening all these forms of monopoly power. Numerous products are counterfeited. The imitations are typically of inferior quality. Replicas of aircraft parts and bogus "high-strength" fasteners are showing up in civilian and military aircraft. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that over three-quarters of a million jobs are lost to imported product "knock-offs", the industry's term for counterfeited goods.[D]Interestingly, secrecy is the order of the day on both sides of this problem. For those counterfeiting products, the reason is clear.[E] Obtaining these rights is a costly endeavor.[F]Licensing and bonding restrictions, ostensibly used to protect consumers from shoddy or fraudulent practices, may really be disguised barriers to entry.[G]Other important legal barriers to entry included patents and copyrights. Patent and copyright monopolies may be justifiable as incentives for research and development leading to technological advances or the enrichment of our culture.参考译文专利、商标、版权都增添了关于发明、商业认证和知识产权的垄断权力。获得这些权利是要花九牛二虎之力的。像电话、电灯这样的发明不仅给我们的生活带来革命性变化，而且还给它们的发明者带来了巨大的财富。现如今，巨额资金都大笔地花费在研究遗传基因，能存储更多电脑信息反应更快捷的的微芯片，和更能刺激消费的商品上。在1985年无论是公共研究还是私人研究，发展资金都超过了一千亿，将近一百万名科学家和工程师投身于此。

A blood relative of the emperor served as governor of each quarter. The Incas further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units, with officials of descending rank overseeing the activities of these units. (43) __________. Another official, ideally a leader of a large village, ruled over a smaller area containing about 1,000 peasants. At the level below, ten foremen each supervised a total of 100 peasants. At the lowest organizational level, an official oversaw a group of ten peasants. For every 10,000 people, there were 1,331 officials.Inca state affairs were complex and tightly controlled. Whole native populations were at times uprooted and resettled in other communities. Often groups were relocated to areas where they were needed for agricultural or mining activities. Sometimes relocations were politically motivated. (44) __________. Furthermore, these relocations facilitated the spread of Inca ideas and culture and promoted unity in the empire.In order to deal efficiently with such matters, government officers kept strict accounts of all the people, gold, land, crops and projects of the empire. Since the Incas had no system of writing, they kept records by means of a quipu—a series of short, knotted strings hung at intervals from a long top string. By varying the colors and kinds of string used and the spacing of the strings and knots, the Incas could record populations, troops, and tribute, as well as information about their legends and achievements. The quipu was a complex memory aid rather than a literal record, and only a trained quipucamayo, or memory expert, could create or interpret it. An oral comment accompanied each quipu and allowed the quipucamayo to make sense of its meaning. (45) __________. Modern scholars still have not deciphered the codes used in the creation of quipus.[A] Serving under each governor were ten district governors, each of whom ruled over a district containing about 10,000 peasants.[B] Following the Spanish conquest and the introduction of records written in Spanish, the Incas lost the ability to read quipus.[C] Noticeable economic thriving was frequently found, in the records of the local governments, after relocations.[D] The emperor had one official wife, but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbered in the hundreds.[E] Placing Quechua-speaking populations in newly conquered areas impaired the ability of local groups to unite against the Incas.[F] Relations between relatives of the emperor, governors and officials often posed headaches for the supreme ruler himself, who was interwoven tightly and deeply among them.[G] These pure-blooded Incas held the most important government, religious, and military posts.DGAEB