状语从句 （高二内容）修饰主句中的动词, 形容词和副词, 通常有从属连词引导, 按其意义和作用可分为时间, 地点, 条件, 原因, 让步, 目的, 结果, 方式, 比较.等1. 时间状语从句: 1) 常见连词有 after, as, before, once, since, till, (not)until, when, whenever(no matter when), while, as long as, as soon as etc.As you look at yourself in a mirror, you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.It was not until…thatNot until…did he…Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America.It was not until….When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention.Whenever we have difficulty, he’ll come to help us.2) no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely, barely)…when: 刚做…就….No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.She had scarcely news when she fainted.3) 还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etcI’ll tell you about it the moment you come.I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.2. 地点状语从句: 一般用where or wherever 引导I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.3. 条件状语从句:真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etcI will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.I will not go to her party unless she invites me.4. 原因状语从句: 从属连词有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于)As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive.Seeing that they are inexperienced, they are doing quite a good job.5. 让步状语从句: 1): even if, though, even though, while(尽管) no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be, I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her.It has been the same result, whichever way you do it.2) 由as 引起的让步从句, 语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首.Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.Object as you may, I will go on with my plan.3) whether…or,不管…或…whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.6. 结果状语从句: so that, so…that, such…thatHe is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.7. 目的状语从句: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in caseI checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.8. 方式状语从句: as, just as, as if: 如同…一样we should do the exercise as our teacher tells us.You talk as if you had really been there.It looks as if it is going to rain.Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes as claw protect the toes of most animals.The young man operates the machine as the old worker has taught him.9. 比较状语从句:1) as…as, not so/as…as the film was not so exciting as we expected.The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.She likes them almost as much as Paul does.2) 比较级+than, so much/a lot more thanShe looks much younger than she is.The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.3) no more…than, not more…than, less…thanJack is no more frightened than Mike is.Jack is not more frightened than Mike is. 不像马克那么害怕Tom is no more rich than Black3) the more…the moreThe farther north you go, the severer the winter is.The more I see of him, the less I like him.

倒装 （Inversion） （高二内容）英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。一）所谓倒装也就是谓语动词出现在主语之前的现象。其中谓语动词全部放在主语之前的叫作全部或完全倒装；把谓语中的助动词或情态动词放在主语之前的则称为部分倒装。二）倒装的一些结构：*由here，there，now, then等副词引起的句子中，动词往往是come，go，需用全部倒装。如：There goes the bell!Now comes your turn.。但当主语为代词时，不用倒装结构。Here they are.**用在以so，neither，nor引起的缩略答语中，即So do sb./ Neither(nor) do sb.结构。***only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句时 1） Only when he reached school did he realize that he left his textbook at home.2） Only then did she see her mother.3） Only in this way can we improve our English.****not only…but(also)和not until置于句首时，如：Not only does he play football well, but he also draws a good picture.（倒装在主句）Not until he lost his health did he realize what good health meant.（倒装在主句）*****表否定意义的状语（包括副词、连词、状语从句）放在句首时。如：hardly /never /not /scarcely/ seldom/little1) Never shall I forget the day when I met Mr.Wang in the countryside.2)As she is busy writing an important article, seldom does she watch Tv.3)Hardly does the hibernating animal make any movement and need any food in winter.4)Little did I expect to meet him on such an occasion.******副词out， in， away等置于句首时。需用全部倒装。如：Out jumped a tiger from behind a rock.In comes an old man with a long white beard.但当主语是代词时勿需倒装。Out they went into the forest.Away they rushed when they saw some enemy soldiers running along.*******当地点状语置于句首时，亦需倒装结构(全部倒装)。如：At the corner of the street stands a newly-opened tea house.On the wall hang two pictures.********在虚拟语气结构中，当if省略时需倒装。If he had known about it , he would have come to the meeting yesterday.= Had he known about it, he would have come to the meeting yesterday.**********在so + adj/adv + that…结构中，当so + adj/adv置于句首时，需要用倒装结构。如：So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him clearly.Still less/more 接从句时，需要倒装。如：He cannot read, still less can he write.他不会看书，更不用说写了。He repairs the machine, still more does he set it to pieces.他会修机器，更会拆机器。*在Scarcely / Hardly…when和No sooner… than的结构中。如：Hardly had I got back when I started cooking.No sooner had we sat down than he found it was time to go.**在祝愿句使用倒装。如：1)Long live the friendship between us.2)May you all have a pleasant time on the trip.*** 在as引导的让步状语从句中1） Tired as he was , he worked late into the night.2） Child as he was ,he was very brave.

独立主格1 独立主格（一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。　（二） 独立主格结构的特点：　　1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。　　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：　　The test finished, we began our holiday.　= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.　　考试结束了，我们开始放假。　　　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.　= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.　　总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　　　如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.　　　　　工作完成后，我们才回家。　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　　　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。　　　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.　他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆2 With的复合结构作独立主格 　　表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 　　with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised.　 = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题　　The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 　 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制　 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.　　 ( hand前不能加his)。　　　　　 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。　 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

When you were in a very dangerous situation and 1. _____feel afraid, the body automatically produces a chemistry 2. _____in the blood. This chemical called adrenalin. With 3. _____adrenalin in the blood system, you actual feel stronger 4. _____but are ready to fight or run away.. However, when you 5. _____are absolutely terrified, the body can produce very much 6. _____adrenalin. When this happen, the muscles become 7. _____very hard and you find that you cannot move in all. 8. _____You are then paralysed with fear. That is why, when 9. _____we are very frightened, we sometimes say that they are ‘petrified’. 10. _____解析：1．were改为 are此行考查的是动词的时态。纵观全文，都是在叙述一般事实，而且，通篇所用皆是现在时。因此，此行所用的过去时是错误的，应该改用现在时。2．chemistry改为 chemical此行考查的是用词及对短文的观察能力。chemistry的意思是“化学”，chemical作名词是“化学物质，化学药品”的意思。根据句意：身体自幼产生一种化学物质。因此，此处应改为chemical。而且，若仔细审读下文的话，也能在下一句中发现这个词。3．在called前加is此行考查的是被动语态。仔细研读此句可发现，这里应该用被动语态，“被叫做”，却缺了一个动词is。4．actual改为actually此行考查的是形容词和副词的用法。观察此句可看出，应该用副词来修饰后面的动词feel。而短文所给的actual却是一个形容词，其副词形式应是actually。5．but改为and此行考查的是连词的用法。根据上下文，这个连词前后并不存在转折关系，而是一种并列关系，所以要把but改成and。6．去掉very此行考查的是副词的用法。从上下文可知，文中出现的adrenalin是一个名词。而very却不能修饰名词，可是much却可以。所以应把very删除，或把它改成too，因为too much也可以修饰名词。7．happen改为happens此行考查的是主谓一致。观察此句不难看出，主语this是一个明显的单数概念，所以谓语动词happen应用第三人称单数形式。8．in改为at此行考查的是固定搭配。not…at all是一个固定搭配。9．正确10．they改为we此行考查的是上下文的行文一致。在行文时，要注意代词的一致。而此行正好违背了这一原则。Strange to say, our relations between others often 1. _____become clear defined when money enters the picture. 2. _____You have wonderful friendship with somebody but you 3. _____think that they are very good friends. But you will know 4. _____him only when you will ask him to lend you some 5. _____money. If he lends, it brings something to the relationship 6. _____that seems stronger than ever ago. Or it can 7. _____suddenly weak the relationship if he doesn’t. This 8. _____person may say which he has a certain feeling, but if it is 9. _____not carried out in the money world, there is something 10. _____less real about it. 解析：1．把between改成with此行考查的是介词的用法。在表示“与某人的关系”时，要说“relation with sb.”，因此应把此处的介词between改为with。2．把clear改成clearly此行考查的是形容词与副词的用法。观察此行可发现，这个词是修饰其后的过去分词defined的，而不是作前面become的表语。所以应用副词形式clearly。3．把but改成and此行考查的是连词的用法。仔细分析发现，此行中前后两个分句之间并不是转折关系，而是并列关系。所以用but是不对的，应该改用表示并列关系的and。

哇塞 那时肯定很壮观 羡慕能去的亲啊 哇塞 那时肯定很壮观 羡慕能去的亲啊 哇塞 那时肯定很壮观 羡慕能去的亲啊

反意疑问句要点反意疑问句主要由“陈述句+反意疑问”构成，反意疑问部分的动词一般要与陈述部分的动词相对应，反意疑问部分的主语要与陈述部分的主语相对应，如果陈述部分的主语是名词，则反意疑问部分用相应的代词表示其形式：肯定陈述句+否定反意疑问句This pencil is red,isn't it?否定陈述句+肯定反意疑问句This pencil isn't red,is it?肯定陈述句+肯定反意疑问句This pencil is red,isn't it?否定陈述句+否定反意疑问句This pencil isn't red,isn't it?（前两种形式是主要的，后两种不常见）其用法：1 a 以let's开头的祈使句，反意疑问用shall we b 以let us 开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分则用will you c 如果祈使句是否定形式，那么反意疑问句只能用will you d 当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问部分一般用will you（这种情况，有些语法书上说也可用won't you,would you，但我觉得还是记will you最好，不乱）Don't be too late,will you?Come here,will you?Let's have a party tonight,shall we?Let us have a look at you pictures,will you?Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow,will you?2 陈述句是主从复合句，反意疑问句中主谓语与主句的主谓语保持对应关系 *以think/suppose/believe/expect/feel/guess …为谓语动词的的主从复合句，且主语是第一人称I时，反意疑问句中主谓语与从句的主谓语保持对应关系（注意人称、时态保持一致，同时还要考虑到否定的转移）I believe that the boy can get a ticket for you, can’t he?I don't think I will trouble you much，will I?3 当陈述部分是there存在句时，反意疑问部分的主语用thereThere aren't a lof of flowers in the garden in winter,are there?There existed different oppinions on this issue,didn't there?4 当陈述部分是以不定代词one作主语时，反意疑问句的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用youOne cannot succeed at this,can one?One cannot succeed at this,can you?5 当陈述部分是I'm...结构时，反意疑问部分一般用aren't II am a student,aren't I?6 陈述部分的主语是this,that时，疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的主语是these,those时，疑问部分的主语多用they。如：This is a dictionary,isn’t it?Those are shelves,aren’t they?7 当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，反意疑问部分要根据have的意义及形式而定a 当have表示“所有”含义时，反意疑部厅以用have形式，也可以用do形式He has a book in his hand,hasn't he?He has a book in his hand,doesn't he?b 当陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式You haven't a car,have you?You don't have any money with you,do you?c 当have不表示“所有”含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用do的形式We had a good time in the vacation,didn't we?He has his breakfast at seven everyday,doesn't he?You have to get up early tomorrow,don't you?8 当陈述部分带有never,nothing,nowthere,seldom,hardly,rarely,few,little 等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式You can hardly believe what he said,can you?There is little ink in the bottle,is there?Few people know this place,do they?*当陈述部分的谓语动词是带有un-，in-，dis-等否定前缀的动词，则仍然把陈述部分看作肯定句，那么反意疑问部分用否定形式He is impolite to the teacher,isn't he?He distrusted anybody around him,didn't he?9 当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问部分在英式英语中用ought 形式，在美式英语中用should形式

You ought to see the new picture,shouldn't you?Teachers ought to be honoured,oughtn't they?10 当陈述部分带有情态动词used to时，反意疑问部分可以用used形式，也可以用did形式She used to live abroad,usedn't she?There used to be a newsstand in the corner of the street,didn't there?11 当陈述部分带有情态动词must时，反意疑问部分需视must的含义而定a 当must表示“命令或强制”时，反意疑问部分用mustn'tYou must do it by yourself,mustn't you?b 当must表示“有必要”时，反意疑问句用needn'tYou must see him tonight,meedn't you?c 当must表示“一定”或“想必”等推测意义时，反意疑问部分不用mustn't，而根据must后的动词形式而定He must be crazy to do so,isn't he?She must have been there for a long time,hasn't she?They must have stayed at home last might,didn't they?12 当陈述部分带有need时，反意疑问部分需视need的含义而定。如果need用作情态动词，则反意疑问部分用need形式；如果need用作实义动词，表示“需要”，则反意疑问部分用do形式You needn't go there,need you?She needs to fo there,doesn't she?Plants need sun to grow,don't they?13 当陈述部分带有I'd better或I'd rather时，反意疑问部分用hadn't或wouldn'tYou'd better finish the task before tomorrow,hadn't you?He'd rather stay with us,wouldn't he?14 陈述句的主语是动词不定式，动词的ing形式或从句时，疑问部分的主语多用it来体现Taking care of our environment is very important, isn’t it?What he said is right, isn’t it?15 陈述句的主语是nobody, no one, everyone, somebody 等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用they; 如果陈述句的主语是something, nothing, anything, everything 等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用itNobody says a word about the accident, do they?Everything seems all right, doesn’t it?16 陈述句中的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish时，反意疑问句中用may，而且要用肯定I wish to recollect where I met her,may I?17 陈述句若是并列句,反意疑问句中的主语与谓语应与最*近的句子的主语和谓语保持对应关系(呵呵,昨天做题时候刚见到的)We must study English hard, or we are not good at English, are we?

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分词分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式，主要分为现在分词（ing为词尾）和过去分词（主要以ed结尾），他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法，其用法比较简单，这里只着重介绍前两种用法如：exciting news (激动人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩), promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯), broken bottle（破碎的瓶子）考点一 现在分词现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于：现在分词表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义。现在分词较过去分词形式灵活，除部分能接宾语之外，可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式1. 现在分词作定语现在分词常接在名词之后作定语，经常可与定语从句替换如：the man sitting behind me, 相当于：the man who is sitting behind methe kids running about in the garden, 相当于：the kids who are running about in the garden单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前，如：the sleeping baby, a running nose改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词，且之间是主谓关系，但不是句子主谓语，此处必定有错，可改为现在分词作定语例题：(1) The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.　　　A　　　　　　　B　　　　C　　　　　　D答案：A应改为：boiling. 解释：沸点的英文表达应该是boiling point. 类似的表达如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的状态, 如boiled water意为白开水, 即已沸腾过的水(2) The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.(A) representing(B) represented(C) are represented(D) they are representing答案：A解释：空格前是句子的主谓成分，空格处需要marks的定语，C, D可先排除；B是被动式，无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确，是现在分词作定语2. 现在分词作状语分词还可在句中作状语，可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。1．现在分词短语可以作时间状语，相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句如：Hearing the news, he couldn't help crying.= When he heard the news, he couldn't help crying.2．现在分词短语也可以表示原因，代替由since, as等所引导的从句如：Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.=Since she didn't know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.3．如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，那么此时分词就需要用完成形式如：Having finished the work, she went to the park.=After she had finished the work, she went to the park.特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.例题：(1) Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing.(A) to save the seeds(B) saving the seeds(C) which saves the seeds(D) the seeds saved答案：B解释：thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语，只有B符合要求

名词性从句 （高二内容）名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is ＋名词＋从句It is a fact that … 事实是…It is an honor that …非常荣幸It is common knowledge that …是常识(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句It is natural that… 很自然…It is strange that… 奇怪的是…(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句It seems that… 似乎…It happened that… 碰巧…(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句It is reported that… 据报道…It has been proved that… 已证实…3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：1) What you said yesterday is right.2) That she is still alive is a consolation.二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：I heard that be joined the army.(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：1) She did not know what had happened.2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4. It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：

(1) Mistakes , if any , should be corrected . (if any = if there are any mistakes)(2) Please come again , if possible . (if possible = if it is possible for you to come)(3) Fill in the proper articles where necessary . (where necessary = where they are necessary)(4) He won’t come , unless invited . (unless invited = unless he is invited)(5) She opened her lips as if to say something . (as if to say something = as if she were going to say something)五、倒装结构中的省略。例如：(1) Were I you , I would not do it . (= If I were you , I …)(2) We would have given you a phone call , had we known your telephone number . (= We would …if we had known…)(3) We have finished our homework , so have they . (= … , and they have finished their homework , too)(4) If you don‘t go to the concert , neither shall I . (= I shall not go to the concert either)六、某些介词的省略。(这种省略也可以不省)例如：prevent sb (from) doing ; stop sb (from) doing ; have trouble / difficulty (in) doing ; spend time / money (in) doing ; (with a) sword in (his) hand七、宾语从句中连词 that 和定语从句中关系代词 that 等的省略。连词 that 引导宾语从句时常省略；关系代词 that , which , whom 在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。八、定冠词 the 的省略。the 在副词的最高级前一般省去；the 在表示独一无二的官衔或职位的名词前，而这个名词在句子中又是充当补足语或表语时，必须省去 the。如：Lincoln was elected president of the U . S . 九、句子的主谓结构的省略。1 . 这种省略在对话中用得很多。读者只要仔细对照上下文，就不难看出省略了什么。例如：(1) A: Is she your teacher ? B: No , she is my brother’s . (= No , she isn‘t my teacher , but she is my brother’s . )(2) A: Will it rain tomorrow ? B: I hope not . (= I hope it won‘t rain tomorrow . )(3) A: Where is it ? B: Where you left it . (= It is where you left it . )(4) A: When shall we start ? B: Whenever you like . (= You may start whenever you like . )(5) A: When will you write to him ? B: Tomorrow , but not if I am too busy . (= I will write to him tomorrow , but I won’t write to him of I am too busy . )2 . 有时句子省略出现在语段中就比较难识别。但
正确的
识别对完整理解文章的意义很重要。读者必须根据上下文的逻辑意义推敲句子的言外之意。

宝贝，知道幸福是什么吗？幸福就是听你自豪的叫我们亲 夜

39. pressure----business, struggle, attempt考察：暗示+名词这个空在第4段the added (pressure)和第5段 is all this (pressure) necessary? 都有暗示。40. private----free, good, basic考察：提示+形容词one-on-one 暗示private41. matches----courses, lessons, programs考察：长句意思+名词programs是无关选项courses & lessons之所以不对是因为那些队员得到了额外的辅导，但是，教练并没有因此增加他们的上场时间，从而导致家长的不满。因此 选择matches看懂 一句非限定从 42. run----jump, play, shoot考察：暗示+动词下文按时 all teams (run) drills43. training----duty, meeting, operation考察：语义顺成+名词下雨就可以逃避训练44. necessary----boring, scientific, practical考察：but+形容词but 和 so much表态否定的意味，排除boring.我想如果连词是and,boring应该没有问题scientific 第3段最后一句暗示“年轻人本不该做那么多练习”，所以不科学。Practical 无关 ，谈不上是不实际。45. breathing----speaking, moving, sleeping考察：afterwards+动词afterwards前是 ran so much所以，会出现上气不接下气的现象。而起比较明显合理。Speaking, moving都不能明显，深刻，生动地说明。Sleeping离得也太远了。46. intended----used, made, described考察：动词与介词的搭配intended for. 固定搭配47. before----till, since, because考察：语境+conj[ ]我开始踢球，我非常的瘦，但是作为一个球员我不会吃太多。没有必然的因果关系，排除 because后面坐着吃得也不多，排除 tillsince我认为要与完成时搭配before 基合理又通顺48. full----tired, lazy, big考察：语境+adjthin , eat much 都暗示与吃有关，所以最合理的选项时“我“担心吃得太饱而不能跑步。49. share----size, space, state考察：动词+名词I feared making mistakes, and the added pressure caused me to [make] more than my usual (share).Share份。我认为my usual share of mistakes 所以其他都不和文意。50. ended----gave, kept, picked考察：语境+动词关键的干扰选项是gave.Leaving the football team表示离开队，后问有说有两个成员停止了足球运动。所以，证明，这个空不应该是放弃。51. sad----shameful, silly, serious考察：形容词队友的放弃，是一种悲哀。Shameful可耻的，silly愚蠢的，serious严重的52. felt----received, suffered, brought考察：定于从句+动词with all the pressure ( they felt) from the coach or parents.很有可能没有看出定于从句选suffer53. rediscovered----reconsidered, re-formed, replaced考察：名词+动词我从新发现我爱它（踢球）。54. for----at, by, around考察：介词for sb.55. calmed----fell, stepped, slowed考察：语境+动词nervous对应的calm down冷静下来，就会比较好。

限制和非限制定语从句 （定语从句为高二内容）1 关系词的差别：限制性定语从句一般用who whose that which when where why……非限制性定语从句不可以用that why来引导。Yesterday he bought a new bike，which was made in Shanghai．（which不可换用that）昨天他买了一辆新自行车，这自行车是上海产的。 He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week．（which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语） 2关系词的省略不同在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。I still remember the days we spent together during the picnic．我仍然记得我们在野餐时一起度过的日子。（we前省略了that ／which） Our country is not the one（that）she used to be．我们的国家已不再是昔日的国家了。（that在定语从句中作表语） His brother，whom Tom often talks about with me，is going to London next week．汤姆常常和我谈起的他的哥哥下周要去伦敦。（whom不可省略）3从句的作用不同限制性定语从句是对先行词起到修饰限制作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就无法理解。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。例如： In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help．（MET 92）在这条黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以向其求助的人。 Alice received an invitation from her boss， which came as a surprise．艾丽斯收到了她的老板的一份请柬，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。4从句的意义有所不同先行词是普通名词时，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的意义有所不同。例如： She has a daughter who is a teacher．她有一个当教师的女儿。（她可能不只一个女儿） She has a daughter，who is a teacher．她有一个女儿，是当教师的。（她只有一个女儿）5从句所修饰的先行词有所不同 限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是个句子。例如： This is the best film that I have ever seen．这是我曾经看过的电影中的最好的一部。 They talked a lot about the things and persons that they could remember．他们谈论了一些他们能记起的人和事情。 He won the first prize in the contest， which was more than we expected．他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们所料。6标点的运用有所不同限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号和主句分开。例如： Who is the girl that standing under the tree？站在树下的那个女孩是谁？ He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned．他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。7从句的语序有所不同 限制性定语从句通常用自然语序；而非限制性定语从句大多数情况下用陈述语序，少数情况下可以用倒装语序。例如： To get the job started，all that we need is your help．为了使这项工作开工，我们所需要的是你的帮助。 They came to a small house，in front of which sat a boy．他们来到一所房子处，房前坐着一个男孩。 In the distance there is a hill，on the top of which stands a white tower．在远处有一座山，山顶上耸立着一座白塔。 8英译汉时有所不同

虚拟语气 （高二内容，但虚拟语气在高考的选择题中已多年未出现，主要放在阅读理解中）Verb可以决定1pattern句型 2mood语气 （1）陈述 （2）祈使 （3）虚拟[1]if 一般 含蓄 [2]语气 should句 [3]原型 [4]其他简单的说虚拟语气可以分4类（1，2，4考的比较多）1．if条件句（一般）if 条件句 主句现在 if+主语+were/v-ed , 主语+would(should could might)+do过去 if+主语+had+v-ed , 主语+would(should could might)+have+v-ed将来 if+主语+v-ed/were to/should, 主语+would(should could might)+do$$省略if的用法 1去掉if 2 should /had/were提前$$错综 主句和从句发生的时间不同,（有些会给你时间状语）if I were you, I would have taken that position.从句现在 主句过去if he had listened to me, he would not be in such a big trouble now.（now）从句过去 主句现在（含蓄）没有if在条件句中出现常常是：given, suppose, supposing, but for=if sb had not been for, but that, otherwise, or, without2表示建议、命令或要求，在从句中用should do 美语里should常省略（1）宾语从句建议：advise propose suggest move recommend要求：request require demand insist urge命令：order command direct$$(insist 表坚持认为 suggest表暗示 仍用陈述语气)（2）主语从句it is/was +adj/v-ed+that clauseadj/v-ed :important urgent significant vital necessary essential imperative crucial preferable advisable required demanded insistent desired ordered natural(3)表语/同位语从句修饰N的表语或同位语从句中(通常是前两组的名词性词)advice desire idea suggestion request plan motion demand order proposal requirement command recommendation insistence preference3原型eg god bless you. 判断依据：正常 s第三人称 v+es/s4其他（1） Wish 从句中谓语动词现在 were/did过去had v-ed/could have v-ed将来could/would do（2） would (had) rather类似于wish$$I would rather you wrote me once a week.(虚拟) I would rather phone you 3times a week than write you once a week.(情态)（3） it’s about/high time that+s+did……表早该做某事（4） if only要是……就好了，但愿……常省略主句if only I were 2 years younger.(5)as if/though [1]不用虚拟 [2]用 同if虚拟(6)以防，唯恐 in case,lest,for fear that还有一些表委婉客气1would u mind my smoking here ? 表感情色彩it’s surprising that she should look so miserable.以上引自samantha在高中阶段，虚拟语气被普遍认为是难度大，不易掌握的语法项目，很容易使初学者望而生畏，能否从中找出一些规律呢？下面就是根据虚拟语气的谓语动词变化，把虚拟语气分为四大类型，以便掌握。　　l.时间选择型 当虚拟语气用来表示一种不能成为现实、不真实的情况时，须选择与现在、将来和过去情况相反的三种不同时间，从而决定谓语动词。这类虚拟语气主要用于如下几方面: （1）虚拟条件句（含蓄虚拟条件句） If l were you，l would study much harder． （与现在情况相反） If he did（were to do，should do）it，he would do it well． （与将来情况相反） I wouldn't have finished the work without your help． （与过去情况相反） （2）由 even if（though）引导的让步状语从句，其谓语动词变化同于虚拟条件句，在口语中也可用直陈语气。 Even if he were here, he wouldn't be able to help you． （与现在情况相反） Nothing could have saved your father，even if the doctor had arrived on time．

（与过去情况相反） （3） wish后的宾语从句 I wish I were five years younger than you． （与现在情况相反） He wishes you would go with him.（与将来情况相反） I wished I had won the match．（与过去情况相反）注意：wish的时态不影响从句三种时间的判定。 （4） as if（though）引导的表语从句和方式状语从句 He looks as if he were very sleepy．（与现在情况相反） They are talking about something，as if they were quarrelling with each other．（与现在正发生的惰况相反）　　2．should+动词原形型 这种类型的虚拟语气一般用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语和同位语从句。谓语由should+动词原形构成，无论什么人称都不能用 would，should在口语中可以略去。 （1）在主语从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成 It is natural（important, necessary，strange，a pity，a shame等）that… 句型。 It is natural that you should say apology to him． It is a pity that you should be careless． （2）用于表示命令、建议一类动词后的宾语从句，如：suggest，move，insist，demand，request，command等。 The young man insisted that he should be sent to do the work． I suggested that we should set off earlier．应注意：当insist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明了”，“暗示”的含义时，从句用直陈语气而不用虚拟语气。 The Arab insisted that he hadn't seen the camel． His smile suggested that he was happy． （3）当表示间接的要求、建议、命令、决定等名词作主语时，其表语从句用 should+动词原形。这类名词有 suggestion，request，order，advice，idea等。 The officer's order was that his soldiers should repair the defence works at once． His advice is that your father should do more exercises in the morning． （4）上述名词的同位语从句也应用should+动词原形。 I did not receive the order that you should leave here at once． His suggest on that you should keep silent is reasonable．　　3．一般过去式型 这类虚拟语气的谓语动词一般用动词过去式表示，常用于如下几个方面： （1）用would，could，might表示说话人的谦逊、客气、婉转。 Could you tell me the way to the cinema？ Would you mind my smoking here？ （2）用于so that和 in order that引导的目的状语从句。 They are climbing higher so that they could see the whole city． 但从句若要否定的话则用shouldn’t。 He locked the door of his room in order that he shouldn't be troubled by someone． （3）用于It is time that 句型。 It is time that the problem was solved． 在此句型中也可用should+动词原形。应注意该句型若用过去式表示时，第一、三人称单数不可用were代替was。　　4．动词原形型 该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s” （1）表示强烈愿望。 God save me． Heaven help us． （2）用may放在句首表示说话人对对方的祝愿和祝福。 May you be happy． May you secceed．　

I'll go to your home when I have finished my homework.If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we will go to the park.7. 过去完成时的用法）过去完成时由"had+过去分词" 构成，过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。例如：By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.2）过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.8）过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或状态。过去将来时由"should或would+动词原形"构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would.例如：They were sure that they would succeed.9）现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由"have (has)+been+现在分词"构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work, study, live, teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：I have worked here for three years.I have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter（已写完）I have been writing a letter（还在写）注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish, marry, get up, come go等不能用这种时态。练习(28楼,这次时态有练习喽)1.We _____ a party next weekend. I hope you can come.A. have B. will have C. had D. would have2. I _____ a book at home when I heard a loud noise outside the building.A. have read B. was reading C. read D. had read3. -- ____ my glasses?-- Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.A. Do you see B. Had you seenC. Would you see D. Have you seen4. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.A. had left; comes B. left; had comeC. had left; came D. had left; would come5. - Hi, Tracy, you look tired.-- I am tired. I _____ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 6. - You have left the light on.-- Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.A. I'll go B. I've gone C. I go D. I'm going7. The reporter said that the UFO _____ east to west when he saw it.A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel 8. I _____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven't had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have played C. played D. play9. - You haven't said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?-- I'm sorry I _____ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it's pretty on you.A. wasn't saying B. don't say C. won't D. didn't say10. I wonder why Jenny _____ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.A. hasn't written B. doesn't write C. won't write D. hadn't writeKey:1-5 BBDCC 6-10 AADDA2.情态动词 情态动词在词义、形态、语法功能方面不同于实义动词、系动词和助动词。英语的情态动词有： can（could)，may(might)，must,ought to 此外还有:will(would)，shall(should)(也可做助动词）， 以及dare,need(也可做实义动词）。情态动词用性繁多：1.表示能力、可能、可以：can（could), may(might)：2.表示必须、应该: must,should, ought to;

may be为也许（可能）是而must be 则十分肯定， 译为：肯定是（一定是）前者是I'm not sure.。或者：I don't know for sure．而后者则是I'm certain.用于目的状语从句中：may(might),can(could),should:1.They asked the driver to stop the beast so that they could have a "look".他们（指六个盲人）请求赶大象的人停下来让他们"看看"大象是 什么样的so that (that) , in order that, lest, in case引导目的状语从句从句中要有情态动词may(might),can(could),should.2.She always takes careful notes in class so that she may review them from time to time.她总是认真记课堂笔记,为的是好经常复习。3.They turned the radio up so that everyone might(could) hear the news.他们把收音机信号开大,以便每个人都能听到新闻。用于虚拟语气中：could ,would, should,might,1.If we had more rain, our crops would grow better. 如果雨水多些,庄稼会长的更好些。从句用一般过去时,主句用情态动词+ 动词 原形,这种虚拟语气的结构用来表示同现存状况相反的事买。2.If she had taken the doctor's advice, she would have got well already.如果当初她听大夫的劝告,她的病早好了。从句用过去完成时,主句用情态动词+ 完成式构 成与过去事买相反的虚拟语气。3.If a car travelling at 60 miles an hour should go from the earth to the sun ,it would take over 179 years to reach it. 如果有一辆汽车,以每小时60英里的速度,从地球驶向太阳,则需I79多年的时间才能到达那里。IF ....should do ....would take.....一构成虚拟语气,用来表示将来不太可能买现的事实。4.We should have studied last night,but we went to the concert instead昨晚我们本应该学习，但却去听了音乐会。"should+ 完成式"用来表示过去应该做而没有做的事。 要注意的问题情态动词中的难点，而且又是近来高考的热点。一、要注意一些同义、近义的情态动词的区别1 . 表示可能性的 can't 与 may not 的区别。can't 常常表示"不可能"、"一定不"，may not 表示"可能不、或许不"。很明显，can't 比 may not 语气强，把握性大。如：The man standing over there _____ be Jack . He's gone to Hong Kong . A . mustn't B . can't C . won't D . may not说话者既然知道"He's gone to Hong Kong"，那么对"The man 不是 Jack"一定满有把握，故正确选项为 B。2 . 表示"能够"意义的 can 与 be able to 的区别。凡表示"经过努力、设法做成某事"时不用 can，须用 be able to。如：The fire spread through the hotel very quickly , but everyone _____ get out . ( NMET97 ) A . had to B . would C . could D . was able to句意为：大火弥漫整个旅馆，但人位学是设法逃了出来。故正确选项为D。3 . 表示"不能"意义的 can't 与 mustn't 的区别。can't 表示"不能"，是指无能力；mustn't 表示"不能"则指的是"禁止，不允许"。在口语里，can't 也可表示"禁止，不允许"，但语气不如 mustn't 强。如：( 1 ) 他年纪小，不能上学。He is so young that he can't go to school . ( 2 ) 里边正在开会，不能吵闹。There's meeting inside . You mustn't make any noise . 二、要注意几个使用的特定范围1 . 表示推测时，can 不能用在肯定句中 ( 但 could 能 ) ；may 和 might 不能用在疑问句中。如：( 1 ) Peter _____ come with us tonight , but he isn't very sure yet . ( MET93 ) A . must B . may C . can D . will句意为：Peter 有可能同我们一块儿来，但还不肯定。正确选项为 B。( 2 ) _____ it be a sunny day tomorrow?A . Can B . May C . Shall D . Should

英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。它通常依据三项原则：1）语法一致； 2）意义一致； 3）就近一致。【语法一致原则】I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗？Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主语your mother 是单数第三人称）II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。e.g.①The work is important . 这项工作重要。②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语：1.通常作复数用 。e.g.①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。e.g.①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。e.g.①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时：1. a）“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语：“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。b）"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语： "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g.①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。c）"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语；“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。d） "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g.①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。"more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g.②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。"more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语。e.g.③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。2 ，主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.a）①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸（书）了。②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。b）①This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。

②This kind of apples is (are) sweet . （大多依 kind ，作单数用 ）③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . （总作复数用）但:Apples of this kind are sweet . （总作复数用）3. 主语后接“with…”等构成的短语修饰成分时：谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们，我也愿帮助你。4. "one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句"：1）定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“that”代“novels”）②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。2）若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。e.g.He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )【意义一致原则（Notional Concord）】I. 集合名词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分）1. 有些通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth , militia (民兵)”，等。e.g.The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。2. 有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如 "army , audience(听众),class ,club （俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team ."等。e.g.①Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。②The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。③The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如：families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如：peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。II. 代词作主语时：（参见“代词”部分）1. 不定代词"each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+单名)"等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g.①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都不适合我。2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g.①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g.①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数：1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁？②Who are League Members .哪些是团员？2）"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.①All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的学生）都在用功。②All (of the paint ) is fine .（这些油漆）都很好。3）"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的）"，等。e.g.