内容由 AI 生成 为什么有时候that和which可以连起来用? 在英语中,that 和 which 本身不能直接连起来作为固定搭配使用(即不能出现 "that which" 以外的连续结构,更不能叠用为 "thatwhich")。但你可能观察到的 "that which" 连用,其实是一种语法上合法的拆分结构—— 本质是 "that" 作为指示代词,"which" 引导定语从句,二者分属不同语法成分,并非固定搭配。下面结合核心场景、语法逻辑和例子,帮你彻底理清: 一、唯一合法的连用:that(指示代词)+ which(定语从句引导词)这是 "that 和 which 连用" 的唯一正确形式,核心逻辑是: that 作指示代词(指代前文提到的某个事物、情况或内容),相当于 "the thing (s) /what"; which 引导定语从句,修饰前面的指示代词 that,相当于 "that (the thing) which..."(即 "那个…… 的事物")。 1. 核心功能:避免重复,提升正式性这种结构多用于书面语,目的是替代 "what" 或 "the thing that",让表达更简洁、正式。对比以下句子,你会更易理解: 口语 / 简洁表达:What he said is true.(他说的话是真的) 正式 / 书面表达:That which he said is true.(that 指代 "他说的内容",which 从句修饰 that) 口语 / 简洁表达:The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.(我昨天买的书很有趣) 正式 / 书面表达:That which I bought yesterday is a very interesting book.(that 指代 "我昨天买的东西",which 从句限定范围) 2. 经典例句解析 That which does not kill us makes us stronger.(尼采名言)解析:that 指代 "那些无法摧毁我们的事物",which 从句 "does not kill us" 修饰 that,直译:"无法摧毁我们的东西,会让我们更强大"。 We should focus on that which really matters.解析:that 指代 "真正重要的事情",which 从句 "really matters" 限定 that,意为:"我们应该专注于真正重要的事"。 She refused that which she did not deserve.解析:that 指代 "她不配得的东西",which 从句 "she did not deserve" 修饰 that,意为:"她拒绝了那些她不配得的东西"。 二、容易误判的「伪连用」场景有时候你可能误以为 "that 和 which 连用",但其实是语法结构上的巧合,并非刻意搭配:1. 从句嵌套导致的连续出现当主句用 that 引导宾语从句,从句内部又用 which 引导定语从句时,二者会连续出现,但分属不同从句,无直接关联: He said that which book you choose doesn’t matter.(× 错误:此处 that 是宾语从句引导词,which 是定语从句引导词,连续使用会造成语法混乱) 正确表达:He said that it doesn’t matter which book you choose.(他说你选哪本书都没关系) 2. 拼写 / 标点错误导致的误读比如漏写逗号或空格,把 "that, which"(非限定性定语从句)误写为 "thatwhich",或把 "that which" 误读为连写形式,本质是书写错误,并非语法规则。三、关键注意事项(避免误用) 不能叠用为 "thatwhich":必须分开写 "that which",二者是独立成分; 口语中极少使用:"that which" 是书面语结构,口语中更常用 "what" 或 "the thing (s) that",避免生硬; 非限定性定语从句中不能用:which 引导非限定性定语从句时(前面有逗号),不能和 that 连用,例如: 正确:The project, which took 3 years, was a great success.(这个耗时 3 年的项目大获成功) 错误:The project, that which took 3 years, was a great success.(语法混乱) that 作为关系代词时,不能和 which 连用:当 that 是定语从句的关系代词(指代人 / 物)时,不能和 which 同时引导同一个定语从句,例如: 正确:The house that we visited is very old.(我们参观的那栋房子很旧) 错误:The house that which we visited is very old.(重复引导词,语法错误) 总结"that 和 which 连用" 的本质是 "指示代词 that + 定语从句引导词 which" 的拆分结构,仅用于书面语,核心作用是替代 "what" 或 "the thing that",避免重复且提升正式性。除此之外,二者不能直接连写、叠用,也不能在同一个定语从句中同时作为引导词使用。如果遇到具体句子不确定是否正确,可以结合上述逻辑拆解:that 是否作指示代词,which 是否引导定语从句修饰 that—— 符合这个逻辑就是合法的,否则就是误用。
问题的根源是:relative clause不应该翻译成“定语从句”,更不应该把relative clause定义为是修饰名词的从句。英语中的attribute或attributive义为“用在……之前的”,但clause只能后置,所以不是attribute,其次后置修饰语所修饰的先行(不是先行词)可以说名词短语,代词短语,也可以是clause. 例如,the beautiful tall Chinese girl who's reading under the tree is . . .中的关系子句修饰的就是the beautiful tall Chinese girl,而不是girl. who指的也是the beautiful tall Chinese girl,而不是girl,所以“先行词”的译法是错误的!!!