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英语北医内科转博考试英语真题整理 2003年转博试题一、名词英译汉（每题1分，共11分） 1．toxic multinodular goiter 2．idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis 3．coronary angiography 4．Hematemesis 5．Polyposis syndrome 6．Acute pyelonephritis 7．Myelophthisic anemia 8．encephalitis 9．bronchial challenge test 10．legionnaires disease 11．polymyositis 二、名词汉译英（每题1分，共11分） 1．糖尿病视网膜病变 2．心动过缓-心动过速综合征 3．恶化型心绞痛 4．胃食管反流病 5．肠激惹综合征 6．慢性肾小球肾炎 7．血栓性血小板减少性紫癜 8．败血症 9．结核性胸膜炎 10．呼吸机相关性肺炎 11．人类白细胞抗原三、短文英译汉（共58分）传染病（共7分） To determine the safety andefficacy of ganciclovir treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection afterliver transplantation, nine patients (seven males, two females; mean age, 38years) with posttransplant HBV infection were treated with ganciclovir for 3 to10 months. Ganciclovir was administered intravenously at an initial dose of 5mg/kg/d and then increased to 10 mg/kg/d. Immunosuppressive drugs therapy wasmaintained at low levels. There were no major side effects of ganciclovirtherapy. Serum HBV DNA levels decreased by a mean of 90% (range, 42% to 100%),and four of nine patients had no measurable HBV DNA at the completion oftherapy. Mean serum alanine aminotransferase levels decreased by 83%. Hepaticexpression of HBV antigens and HBV DNA was assessed before and after therapy insix patients and found to be reduced in three patients. 内分泌（共7分） Most patients with type 2 DMwill eventually need insulin. Insulin therapy was started in patients with type2 DM with a mean HbA1c level of 10.4 % in the United States, and the UKPDSshowed that ß-cell failure is progressive; 50% of normal ß-cell function atdiagnosis with a steady decline following diagnosis. Concomitantly, 53% ofpatients with type 2 DM initially treated with Sus required insulin therapy by6 years, and almost 80% required insulin by 9 years. Although we may bediagnosing DM earlier and thus altering this time frame, physicians shouldconsider starting insulin therapy in patients whose HbA1c level approaches 8%despite optimal oral therapy. 心血管（共8分） While aspirin retains its statusas the “front-lone” antiplatelet drug, the newer drugs now offer potentiallygreater and more specific control over platelet function. The blockade of theplatelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor- the final common pathway to plateletaggregation- is effective in the setting of coronary angioplasty and is alreadybeing used widely in high-risk or complex angioplasty. It also appears likelythat these drugs will be useful in acute coronary syndromes. The orally activeticlopidine has emerged as an effective alternative for patient’s intolerant ofaspirin, and is superior to aspirin for secondary stroke prevention. Several more drugs are beingdeveloped, aimed at controlling different phases of platelet function, such asplatelet adhesion. 消化（共8分） The gross morphologic featuresof adenocarcinoma in the large bowel depend on the tumor's site. Carcinomas ofthe proximal colon, particularly those of cecum and ascending colon, tend to belarge and bulky, often outgrowing their blood supply and undergoing necrosis.This polypoid configuration may also be found elsewhere in the colon andrectum. In the more distal colon and rectum, tumors more frequently involve agreater circumference of the bowel, producing an annular constriction or"napkin-ring" appearance. The fibrous stroma of these tumors accountsfor constriction and narrowing of the bowel lumen, whereas the circulararrangement of colonic lymphatics is responsible for their annular growth.These tumors may also become ulcerated. 肾脏（共7分） Blood urea is a poor guide torenal function as it varies with protein intake, liver metabolic capacity andrenal perfusion（灌注）.Creatinine is a more reliable guide as it is produced from muscle at a constantrate and almost completely filtered at the glomerulus. As very littlecreatinine is secreted by tubular cells the creatinine clearance provides areasonable approximation of the glomerular filtration rate. If muscle mass（肌肉质量） remains constant, changes in creatinine concentration reflectchanges in GFR. However, an increase outwith the normal range is not seen untilGFR is reduced by about 50%, and isolated measurements of creatinine give amisleading impression of renal function in those with unusually small amounts(and occasionally in those with very large amounts) of muscle. 血液（共7分） Essential monoclonal gammopathyis seen with increasing frequency in the elderly. In a Swedish study of 6,995individuals over 25 years of age, 64 had a monoclonal protein in theimmunoglobulin region on serum electrophoresis. One patient had frank multiplemyeloma, and one had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eleven years later these twopatients had died, and one other developed malignant lymphoma and died.Sixty-one patients had persistent monoclonal gammopathy. Other studies indicatethat about 2 percent of patients with monoclonal gammopathy progress tomalignant disease each year. The rate of occurrence of monoclonal gammopathyitself is 2 to 4 percent in the eighth decade, 6 to 12 percent in the ninthdecade, and over 14 percent in the tenth decade of life. 呼吸（共7分） The Ministry of Health has firedup its anti-smoking campaign by pushing healthcare providers - particularlygeneral practitioners - to take on an aggressive five-step plan to help smokerskick the habit. Dubbed the “5As approach”, theplan was formulated by a workgroup of primary care doctors, health educators,specialists and others, and launched as part of the ministry’s brand-new set ofclinical practice guidelines on smoking cessation. The “5As” consist of asking,advising, assessing, assisting and arranging. The first step involves gettingfamily physicians and other healthcare providers such as dentists, nurses,psychologists and pharmacists to implement an office system where every patientis asked about their tobacco use at every visit. 免疫（共7分） Headache is a common symptom inthe normal population, with an estimated point prevalence of 20 percent;whether there is a unique lupus headache is debated. From a practicalstandpoint, in a patient with lupus and headache, the important thing is to excludeother treatable causes and to not miss an infection, stroke, tumor, ordrug-induced cause. An acute headache that is not severe and with no localizedneurological signs and symptoms can be treated empirically（经验） and the patient observed. A severe headache, with neurologicalsigns or symptoms, or chronic refractory course should prompt an MRI or CT ofthe brain, spinal fluid studies, and coagulopathy screen. Migrainous（偏头痛） phenomenon may occur as a manifestation of active disease or mayherald a flare. 四、公共英语：汉译英（20分） 2004年转博试题名词汉译英：动作电位时程；漂浮导管；β受体激动剂/阻滞剂；强直性脊柱炎；慢性支气管炎；糖尿病酮症酸中毒；纤维蛋白溶解症；肾综合征出血热；炎症性肠病名词英译汉：hypokinesis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; sarcoidosis; encephalopathy;diverticulitis; cryoglobulinemia; antiangiogenesis; rheumatoid arthritis; myocardialstunning 文章翻译（英译汉）：1.风湿热的临床表现；2.吸烟与肺癌；3.消化道炎性假瘤病理改变；4.血尿诊断；5.抗肝炎药物（新药）；6.重链病；7.促甲状腺素新药的研究。汉译英：关于医生如何选择治疗疾病的方法、尽量减少因检查造成的危险，不能过分依赖实验室检查结果。 2005年转博试题名词：中译英：幽门管溃疡；系统性红斑狼疮；流行性脑脊髓膜炎；不稳定斑块英译中：hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS; hemosiderosis 作文：关于电解质和体液平衡 2008年转博试题（根据原题试卷及官方参考答案照片整理）一、英译汉短文（8×7.5分） 1、心内 Patientpresent with unexplained fever, excessive tiredness or with the consequences ofvalve destruction or systemic embolization. There is nearly always a heartmurmur: the combination of fever and a heart murmur should always lead tosuspicion of endocarditis. Finger clubbing and splinter haemorrhages arecommon. There is often splenomegaly. There may be localized subconjunctivalhaemorrhages, tender swellings (Osler’s nodes) in the finger pulps andhaemorrhagic spots (Roth spots) 2、呼吸 Asthmais chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells andcellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated withairway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing,breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in theearly morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread; butvariable, airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible eitherspontaneously or with treatment. 3、血液 Signsand symptoms that signal the onset of AML include pallor, fatigue, weakness,palpitations and dyspnea on exertion, which reflect the development of anemia.Easy bruising, petechiae., epistaxis, gingival bleeding, conjunctionalhemorrhages, and prolonged bleeding from the skin injuries reflectthrombocytopenia and are frequent early manifestations of the disease. Majorinfections such as sinusitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and meningitis areuncommon as presenting features of the disease until chemotherapy is begun. 4、消化 Patientwith long-standing inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk ofdeveloping colorectal cancer. Many of the molecular alterations responsible forsporadic colorectal cancer, namely chromosomal instability, microsatelliteinstability, and hypermethylation, also play a role in colitis associated coloncarcinogenesis. Colon cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease increases withlonger duration of colitis, greater anatomic extent of colitis, the presence ofprimary sclerosing cholangitis, family history of CRC and degree ofinflammation of the bowel. 5、内分泌 Clinicallyovert thyroid diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and goiter,are complex and multidetermined traits with numerous genes and environmentalfactors each making small contributions to the overall clinical presentation.Despite intensive research, the mechanisms by which overt thyroid diseasedevelop are incompletely understood. The traits of most direct clinicalrelevance tend to be the dichotomous traits – disease versus health. However,the definition of health and normality is not straightforward. 6、肾内 Cyclosporintherapy provides a sustained remission of proteinuria in a significantproportion of patients and is also effective in the long-term preservation ofrenal function in steroid-dependent/-resistant MCD and steroid resistant FSGS.The side-effect profile of cyclosporin is well known and predictable. Adherenceto dosing guidelines plus regular patient monitoring will minimize the risk ofnephrotoxicity. 7、风免 Rheumatoidarthritis is a heterogeneous disease of variable severity and unpredictableresponse to therapy. Genetic and environmental factors are clearly implicatedin its etiology and pathogenesis. Translational research efforts have led tonovel targeted therapies, although the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritisremains a significant unmet medical need. 8、传染 Thenatural history of HBV infection can be divided into four phases: immunetolerance, immune clearance (HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B), inactiveHBsAg carrier, and reactivation (HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B). Both thePatients in the immune clearance and reactivation phases have elevated alanineaminotransferase (ALT) and HBV DNA levels. They can devlop to the stage ofcirrhosis and hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. 二、名词英译汉（10×1分） 1、 hemoptysis/renal hemorrhagesyndrome 2、 Mallory-Weiss syndrome 3、 BNP（BrainNatriuretic Peptide） 4、 minimal residual disease 5、 acromegaly 6、 MALT 7、 hemolytic-uremic syndrome 8、 cor pulmonale 9、 systemic sclerosis 10、reentrant atrial tachycardia 三．名词汉译英（10×1分） 1、电机械分离 2、心室重塑 3、紫绀 4、粟粒性肺结核 5、肝性脑病 6、反流性食管炎 7、腹膜透析 8、脑脊液 9、弥漫性血管内凝血 10、糖尿病四、公共英语（汉译英）（1×20分） HBP及高胆固醇血症并发症的早期预防 2010年转博试题（by RMYY 昃峰）名词：扩张性心肌病；阮病毒；空腹血糖；DES（drug eluting stent）；IVDU（intravenous drug user）；肺泡蛋白沉积症公共英语（汉译英）：交通与健康话题 2011年转博试题（2011.11.05 byRMYY 2009级）一、短文翻译每个科有一段短文，大约200字左右，专业偏科普，英译汉，共7篇，每篇8分，题型参见历年考题二、名词互译英译汉16个（大概是16个），每题一分；汉译英，8个，每题0.5分，基本内科书后单词表可覆盖。英译汉：gout 汉译英：磁共振胰胆管造影三、公共英语（20分，汉译英）有个关于全球医保制度的调查，说美国人对他们的制度最不满意，认为有很多地方需要改进，荷兰人对他们的制度最满意，还有其他国家排名多少云云。 TIPS：英语感觉整个题量偏大，要快快的答，公共英语汉译英比较抓狂。 2013年转博试题（by 宋祝）英译汉（1×16）：diverticulum; eschar 汉译英（0.5×8）：系统性红斑狼疮；门脉高压性胃病；出血点；低血糖专业英语翻译8段公共英语：龋齿相关 2014年转博试题 7个短文英译中，较简单，范围比较广，有儿茶酚胺敏感性室速，还有一些精神症状，欣快、冷漠、悲观等等，登革热、胼胝体 10个单词英译中：blast，patent ductus（动脉导管未闭），变态的两个：virilization（男性化）、human granulocyticanaplasmosis（人粒细胞无形体病） 5个单词中译英：ERCP、焦痂、限制性心肌病、负反馈…… 1个短文中译英：比较难，关于埃博拉 2019年转博试题名词英译汉： arrhythmicright ventricular cardiomyopathy leftventricular noncompaction immunethrombocytopenia endoscopicsubmucosal resection, ESR focalsegmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS membranoproliferativeglomerulonephritis, MPGN pulmonaryembolectomy lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM sodium-glucosecotransporter 2 inhibitor, SGLT-2i nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs undifferentiatedconnective tissue disease, UCTD 名词汉译英：肺动脉高压强直性脊柱炎自发性冠状动脉夹层血栓性血小板减少性紫癜原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症肾性骨病肝肺综合征短文英译汉：呼吸：胸膜间皮瘤心内：感染性心内膜炎消化：GERD的PPI试验性治疗肾内：CKD与T2DM 血液：再生障碍性贫血风免：类风湿关节炎感染：肝吸虫短文汉译英：关于医学伦理道德。 2021年转博试题（by RMYY 霍黎明）名词汉译英：慢快综合征、ANCA抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、麻疹名词英译汉：MODY、ischemic colitis 其他试题（来源未知）名词汉译英：质子泵抑制剂；胰腺炎；低密度脂蛋白；低血糖；肺气肿；血透；内毒素；微血管重建；肺泡蛋白沉积症；无症状性心肌缺血；肥厚性高胃酸分泌性胃病；铁粒幼细胞性贫血；肾综合征出血热；慢性缩窄性心包炎；肾小球基底膜；甲状旁腺功能减低症；结节性多动脉炎名词英译汉：polymyositis; anaplastic large cell lymphoma; transjugularintrahepatic portosystemic shunt; 短文英译汉：呼吸：COPD的概念；心内：心包炎；传染：乙肝的治疗药物；血液：重型再障。

英语北医内科转博考试英语真题整理 2003年转博试题一、名词英译汉（每题1分，共11分） 1．toxic multinodular goiter 2．idiopathic hypertrophic subaorticstenosis 3．coronary angiography 4．Hematemesis 5．Polyposis syndrome 6．Acute pyelonephritis 7．Myelophthisic anemia 8．encephalitis 9．bronchial challenge test 10．legionnaires disease 11．polymyositis 二、名词汉译英（每题1分，共11分） 1．糖尿病视网膜病变 2．心动过缓-心动过速综合征 3．恶化型心绞痛 4．胃食管反流病 5．肠激惹综合征 6．慢性肾小球肾炎 7．血栓性血小板减少性紫癜 8．败血症 9．结核性胸膜炎 10．呼吸机相关性肺炎 11．人类白细胞抗原三、短文英译汉（共58分）传染病（共7分） Todetermine the safety and efficacy of ganciclovir treatment of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection after liver transplantation, nine patients (seven males, twofemales; mean age, 38 years) with posttransplant HBV infection were treatedwith ganciclovir for 3 to 10 months. Ganciclovir was administered intravenouslyat an initial dose of 5 mg/kg/d and then increased to 10 mg/kg/d.Immunosuppressive drugs therapy was maintained at low levels. There were nomajor side effects of ganciclovir therapy. Serum HBV DNA levels decreased by amean of 90% (range, 42% to 100%), and four of nine patients had no measurableHBV DNA at the completion of therapy. Mean serum alanine aminotransferaselevels decreased by 83%. Hepatic expression of HBV antigens and HBV DNA wasassessed before and after therapy in six patients and found to be reduced inthree patients. 内分泌（共7分） Mostpatients with type 2 DM will eventually need insulin. Insulin therapy wasstarted in patients with type 2 DM with a mean HbA1c level of 10.4 % in theUnited States, and the UKPDS showed that ß-cell failure is progressive; 50% ofnormal ß-cell function at diagnosis with a steady decline following diagnosis.Concomitantly, 53% of patients with type 2 DM initially treated with Sus requiredinsulin therapy by 6 years, and almost 80% required insulin by 9 years.Although we may be diagnosing DM earlier and thus altering this time frame,physicians should consider starting insulin therapy in patients whose HbA1clevel approaches 8% despite optimal oral therapy. 心血管（共8分） Whileaspirin retains its status as the “front-lone” antiplatelet drug, the newerdrugs now offer potentially greater and more specific control over plateletfunction. The blockade of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor- thefinal common pathway to platelet aggregation- is effective in the setting ofcoronary angioplasty and is already being used widely in high-risk or complexangioplasty. It also appears likely that these drugs will be useful in acutecoronary syndromes. The orally active ticlopidine has emerged as an effectivealternative for patient’s intolerant of aspirin, and is superior to aspirin forsecondary stroke prevention. Severalmore drugs are being developed, aimed at controlling different phases of plateletfunction, such as platelet adhesion. 消化（共8分） Thegross morphologic features of adenocarcinoma in the large bowel depend on thetumor's site. Carcinomas of the proximal colon, particularly those of cecum andascending colon, tend to be large and bulky, often outgrowing their bloodsupply and undergoing necrosis. This polypoid configuration may also be foundelsewhere in the colon and rectum. In the more distal colon and rectum, tumorsmore frequently involve a greater circumference of the bowel, producing anannular constriction or "napkin-ring" appearance. The fibrous stromaof these tumors accounts for constriction and narrowing of the bowel lumen,whereas the circular arrangement of colonic lymphatics is responsible for theirannular growth. These tumors may also become ulcerated. 肾脏（共7分） Bloodurea is a poor guide to renal function as it varies with protein intake, livermetabolic capacity and renal perfusion（灌注）. Creatinine is a more reliable guide as it is produced from muscleat a constant rate and almost completely filtered at the glomerulus. As verylittle creatinine is secreted by tubular cells the creatinine clearanceprovides a reasonable approximation of the glomerular filtration rate. Ifmuscle mass（肌肉质量） remains constant, changes in creatinineconcentration reflect changes in GFR. However, an increase outwith the normalrange is not seen until GFR is reduced by about 50%, and isolated measurementsof creatinine give a misleading impression of renal function in those withunusually small amounts (and occasionally in those with very large amounts) ofmuscle. 血液（共7分） Essentialmonoclonal gammopathy is seen with increasing frequency in the elderly. In aSwedish study of 6,995 individuals over 25 years of age, 64 had a monoclonalprotein in the immunoglobulin region on serum electrophoresis. One patient hadfrank multiple myeloma, and one had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eleven yearslater these two patients had died, and one other developed malignant lymphomaand died. Sixty-one patients had persistent monoclonal gammopathy. Otherstudies indicate that about 2 percent of patients with monoclonal gammopathyprogress to malignant disease each year. The rate of occurrence of monoclonalgammopathy itself is 2 to 4 percent in the eighth decade, 6 to 12 percent inthe ninth decade, and over 14 percent in the tenth decade of life. 呼吸（共7分） TheMinistry of Health has fired up its anti-smoking campaign by pushing healthcareproviders - particularly general practitioners - to take on an aggressivefive-step plan to help smokers kick the habit. Dubbedthe “5As approach”, the plan was formulated by a workgroup of primary caredoctors, health educators, specialists and others, and launched as part of theministry’s brand-new set of clinical practice guidelines on smoking cessation.The “5As” consist of asking, advising, assessing, assisting and arranging. Thefirst step involves getting family physicians and other healthcare providerssuch as dentists, nurses, psychologists and pharmacists to implement an officesystem where every patient is asked about their tobacco use at every visit. 免疫（共7分） Headacheis a common symptom in the normal population, with an estimated pointprevalence of 20 percent; whether there is a unique lupus headache is debated.From a practical standpoint, in a patient with lupus and headache, theimportant thing is to exclude other treatable causes and to not miss aninfection, stroke, tumor, or drug-induced cause. An acute headache that is notsevere and with no localized neurological signs and symptoms can be treatedempirically（经验） and the patient observed. A severe headache, with neurologicalsigns or symptoms, or chronic refractory course should prompt an MRI or CT ofthe brain, spinal fluid studies, and coagulopathy screen. Migrainous（偏头痛） phenomenon may occur as a manifestation of active disease or mayherald a flare. 四、公共英语：汉译英（20分） 2004年转博试题名词汉译英：动作电位时程；漂浮导管；β受体激动剂/阻滞剂；强直性脊柱炎；慢性支气管炎；糖尿病酮症酸中毒；纤维蛋白溶解症；肾综合征出血热；炎症性肠病名词英译汉：hypokinesis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; sarcoidosis; encephalopathy;diverticulitis; cryoglobulinemia; antiangiogenesis; rheumatoid arthritis; myocardialstunning 文章翻译（英译汉）：1.风湿热的临床表现；2.吸烟与肺癌；3.消化道炎性假瘤病理改变；4.血尿诊断；5.抗肝炎药物（新药）；6.重链病；7.促甲状腺素新药的研究。汉译英：关于医生如何选择治疗疾病的方法、尽量减少因检查造成的危险，不能过分依赖实验室检查结果。 2005年转博试题名词：中译英：幽门管溃疡；系统性红斑狼疮；流行性脑脊髓膜炎；不稳定斑块英译中：hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS; hemosiderosis 作文：关于电解质和体液平衡 2008年转博试题（根据原题试卷及官方参考答案照片整理）一、英译汉短文（8×7.5分） 1、心内 Patient present withunexplained fever, excessive tiredness or with the consequences of valvedestruction or systemic embolization. There is nearly always a heart murmur:the combination of fever and a heart murmur should always lead to suspicion ofendocarditis. Finger clubbing and splinter haemorrhages are common. There isoften splenomegaly. There may be localized subconjunctival haemorrhages, tenderswellings (Osler’s nodes) in the finger pulps and haemorrhagic spots (Rothspots) 2、呼吸 Asthma is chronic inflammatorydisorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role.The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness thatleads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, andcoughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes areusually associated with widespread; but variable, airflow obstruction withinthe lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. 3、血液 Signs and symptomsthat signal the onset of AML include pallor, fatigue, weakness, palpitationsand dyspnea on exertion, which reflect the development of anemia. Easybruising, petechiae., epistaxis, gingival bleeding, conjunctional hemorrhages,and prolonged bleeding from the skin injuries reflect thrombocytopenia and arefrequent early manifestations of the disease. Major infections such assinusitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and meningitis are uncommon as presentingfeatures of the disease until chemotherapy is begun. 4、消化 Patient withlong-standing inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of developingcolorectal cancer. Many of the molecular alterations responsible for sporadiccolorectal cancer, namely chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability,and hypermethylation, also play a role in colitis associated coloncarcinogenesis. Colon cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease increases withlonger duration of colitis, greater anatomic extent of colitis, the presence ofprimary sclerosing cholangitis, family history of CRC and degree ofinflammation of the bowel. 5、内分泌 Clinically overtthyroid diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and goiter, arecomplex and multidetermined traits with numerous genes and environmentalfactors each making small contributions to the overall clinical presentation.Despite intensive research, the mechanisms by which overt thyroid diseasedevelop are incompletely understood. The traits of most direct clinicalrelevance tend to be the dichotomous traits – disease versus health. However,the definition of health and normality is not straightforward. 6、肾内 Cyclosporin therapyprovides a sustained remission of proteinuria in a significant proportion ofpatients and is also effective in the long-term preservation of renal functionin steroid-dependent/-resistant MCD and steroid resistant FSGS. The side-effectprofile of cyclosporin is well known and predictable. Adherence to dosingguidelines plus regular patient monitoring will minimize the risk ofnephrotoxicity. 7、风免 Rheumatoid arthritisis a heterogeneous disease of variable severity and unpredictable response totherapy. Genetic and environmental factors are clearly implicated in itsetiology and pathogenesis. Translational research efforts have led to noveltargeted therapies, although the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis remains asignificant unmet medical need. 8、传染 The natural history ofHBV infection can be divided into four phases: immune tolerance, immuneclearance (HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B), inactive HBsAg carrier, andreactivation (HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B). Both the Patients in theimmune clearance and reactivation phases have elevated alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and HBV DNA levels. They can devlop to the stage of cirrhosis and hepaticdecompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. 二、名词英译汉（10×1分） 1、 hemoptysis/renalhemorrhage syndrome 2、 Mallory-Weisssyndrome 3、 BNP（Brain Natriuretic Peptide） 4、 minimalresidual disease 5、 acromegaly 6、 MALT 7、 hemolytic-uremicsyndrome 8、 corpulmonale 9、 systemicsclerosis 10、reentrant atrial tachycardia 三．名词汉译英（10×1分） 1、电机械分离 2、心室重塑 3、紫绀 4、粟粒性肺结核 5、肝性脑病 6、反流性食管炎 7、腹膜透析 8、脑脊液 9、弥漫性血管内凝血 10、糖尿病四、公共英语（汉译英）（1×20分） HBP及高胆固醇血症并发症的早期预防 2010年转博试题（by RMYY 昃峰）名词：扩张性心肌病；阮病毒；空腹血糖；DES（drug eluting stent）；IVDU（intravenous drug user）；肺泡蛋白沉积症公共英语（汉译英）：交通与健康话题 2011年转博试题（2011.11.05 by RMYY 2009级）一、短文翻译每个科有一段短文，大约200字左右，专业偏科普，英译汉，共7篇，每篇8分，题型参见历年考题二、名词互译英译汉16个（大概是16个），每题一分；汉译英，8个，每题0.5分，基本内科书后单词表可覆盖。英译汉：gout 汉译英：磁共振胰胆管造影三、公共英语（20分，汉译英）有个关于全球医保制度的调查，说美国人对他们的制度最不满意，认为有很多地方需要改进，荷兰人对他们的制度最满意，还有其他国家排名多少云云。 TIPS：英语感觉整个题量偏大，要快快的答，公共英语汉译英比较抓狂。 2013年转博试题（by 宋祝）英译汉（1×16）：diverticulum; eschar 汉译英（0.5×8）：系统性红斑狼疮；门脉高压性胃病；出血点；低血糖专业英语翻译8段公共英语：龋齿相关 2014年转博试题 7个短文英译中，较简单，范围比较广，有儿茶酚胺敏感性室速，还有一些精神症状，欣快、冷漠、悲观等等，登革热、胼胝体 10个单词英译中：blast，patent ductus（动脉导管未闭），变态的两个：virilization（男性化）、human granulocytic anaplasmosis（人粒细胞无形体病） 5个单词中译英：ERCP、焦痂、限制性心肌病、负反馈…… 1个短文中译英：比较难，关于埃博拉 2019年转博试题名词英译汉： arrhythmic rightventricular cardiomyopathy left ventricularnoncompaction immunethrombocytopenia endoscopic submucosalresection, ESR focal segmentalglomerulosclerosis, FSGS membranoproliferativeglomerulonephritis, MPGN pulmonary embolectomy lymphangioleiomyomatosis,LAM sodium-glucosecotransporter 2 inhibitor, SGLT-2i nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs undifferentiatedconnective tissue disease, UCTD 名词汉译英：肺动脉高压强直性脊柱炎自发性冠状动脉夹层血栓性血小板减少性紫癜原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症肾性骨病肝肺综合征短文英译汉：呼吸：胸膜间皮瘤心内：感染性心内膜炎消化：GERD的PPI试验性治疗肾内：CKD与T2DM 血液：再生障碍性贫血风免：类风湿关节炎感染：肝吸虫短文汉译英：关于医学伦理道德。 2021年转博试题（by RMYY 霍黎明）名词汉译英：慢快综合征、ANCA抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、麻疹名词英译汉：MODY、ischemic colitis 其他试题（来源未知）名词汉译英：质子泵抑制剂；胰腺炎；低密度脂蛋白；低血糖；肺气肿；血透；内毒素；微血管重建；肺泡蛋白沉积症；无症状性心肌缺血；肥厚性高胃酸分泌性胃病；铁粒幼细胞性贫血；肾综合征出血热；慢性缩窄性心包炎；肾小球基底膜；甲状旁腺功能减低症；结节性多动脉炎名词英译汉：polymyositis; anaplastic large cell lymphoma; transjugularintrahepatic portosystemic shunt; 短文英译汉：呼吸：COPD的概念；心内：心包炎；传染：乙肝的治疗药物；血液：重型再障。

我感觉路飞要把德雷斯罗萨的地下打穿海水灌进来给淹了………. 有木有路飞的风格！！！！

新版本人马加幽鬼有点牛吧。。。。。。。 rt

海吧实在太有爱啦！！有人说海贼无聊居然盖了20多页的楼劝他坚我发现大家都好希望世界上所有人都看海贼爱海贼～这样世界会更好～么么哒！我一直很痛苦旁边的人不陪我看海贼……

nc粉报道，喷我别喷pis！ rt

进来中枪吧！有木有跟基友开黑，蹲着回复f让同学过来，然后再他面前把他a掉……

不要求你们夸pis，求你们稍微理解pis好么？做一个普通人并不是错……看过pis视频的都能感受到pis那种大男孩气质。代练对不对有待商榷，但pis并非恶意你们能懂不？如果你们用一些不好听的语言说pis的素质的话，希望你也审视下自己的道德。

阵容帝帮忙，本人菜鸡卡尔上单，中小y，下路潮汐凤凰ug?打团推进不虚后期也可以??这阵容行么??

预测贴。。。凯要挂。。。。万一火了呢。。。

猜英雄啊!!! 有无视魔免的技能,有减速aoe和控

弱弱的问一句凤凰能出刷新么。。。小狗能出红帐么。。。

我现在是吧主，大家快来啊！！！顶傻根儿！！！！

我来了我来了？？呵呵请傻根儿做吧主吧？

高于斯写的作文琴愫13班高于斯琴声传来，牵动了内心深处的那根久久未响的心弦。 ——题记不知从哪天起，隔壁的女孩开始练琴，每天晚上，当月亮用她那凄冷却明亮的光照亮黑暗时，琴声便会准时响起，传入我的耳畔。在一个月缺的日子里，那琴声再次响起。当时我正忙着写作业，忽闻琴声传来，心绪便随着那琴声飘到远方。其实，那不能称之为琴声，因为每两个音符都间隔了很大的空隙，像结巴说话一样，断断续续，结结巴巴，让人着实感到别扭。每个音节仿佛都像是好不容易一个个挤出来似的。又好像未拧紧的水龙头，一滴一滴地往下滴。真是让人着急啊！但她还是执著的练习着，重复着。想起自己曾经练琴时的情形，不由惭愧，练了一年，学到四级，就不再去动那电子琴了。谱子太难，学不下去，不得已放弃了。就像含苞待放的花儿凋谢了一样。不过，我不太相信这些音符能慢慢变成连贯的乐章，至少我认为这首曲子还是有一定难度的。望望窗外，月亮是一个细细的钩儿，不由想起“月有阴晴圆缺”。现在的琴声就像这弯弯的月亮一样，存在着缺陷吧！窗户映出我的影子，在月光下是那么的憔悴。再看那满山的作业，不由心生厌烦，睡吧！作业明早再补。就这样，我再次屈服于懒惰，放弃了。可琴声不断，如同月亮般坚定地守候着黎明的到来。月亮慢慢变圆了，那琴声也越来越连贯。我渐渐习惯在每晚，同月亮一起，聆听琴声响起。记得有一天，练琴声直响到午夜，我便也做题做到午夜。直到琴声结束，我才洗洗睡觉。感觉那琴声正慢慢改变我，改变我的内心。终于有一天，月亮变得好圆，好亮。满月像一颗巨大的钻石，镶嵌在星空之上。就在那一天，琴声变得连贯、变得完美。也在那一天，我那内心最深处的心弦也找到了共鸣。是的，她成功了，琴声从不连贯的，蹦出的音符变成了连贯、有力、悦耳的乐章。我听到了！听到了！听到了那时而舒缓如振翅蝴蝶，又时而急促如万马奔腾的节奏。听到了那时而婉转如小桥流水，又时而浩荡如滔滔江水的旋律，听到了时而欢快如鸟儿细语，又时而忧愁如悲鸿孤鸣的谱调。我又仿佛置身于海边，凝望着澎湃的海浪拍打岩石，又时而置身于高山之巅，俯瞰山风吹拂绿色的海洋。还有时感到走进田间小巷，听取蛙声一片。又如步入世外桃源，嗅花香千里。有时仿佛躺在一望无际的草原上，感受阳光温暖全身。有时仿佛划船于波光粼粼的湖上，仰望月光一泻千里……我细细聆听着，慢慢感到心中又一轮圆月缓缓升起，很圆很亮，就同窗外的明月一样，那样的完美无缺。那轮明月照亮我心中的黑暗，陪我一起守候黎明的到来。这样的音乐很难联想到一开始那样的如结巴般的练琴声，就如同从满月里看不到月牙的影子一样。我感到内心深处那根心弦随着那音乐一起振动，一起演奏出那辉煌的乐章。望着窗外，那轮完美的满月，心情渐渐静下来了，拿出好几本未做完的数学书、物理书，放在桌上，耐心地做了起来。我知道，世上没有完美的事情，就如那弯弯的月亮，有着缺陷，但只有不断坚持，才能让其慢慢变得完美，最后才能变成圆圆的满月啊！余光中，望到流星从那满月旁轻轻掠过，我对着满天的星空许愿：愿这月光下的琴声传得更久，传的更远！ ——后记

【申请】申请吧主~ 如题