冰柠檬~ 冰柠檬~
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“情态动词+have+过去分词用法”谈 (1)“may(might)+have+过去分词”表示对过去发生行为的推测,把握性较小。一般只用于肯定或否定句中(疑问句中用can/could)其意为“想必”、“也许”、“可能已经”等意思,其否定形式含有“可能不会”之意。如: You might both have been caught and killed. 你们俩很有可能被抓住杀掉。 The children have arrived there by now. 孩子们现在可能已经到达那儿了 He might have not settled the problem. 他可能尚未解决这个问题。 注意:这一句型用may和might含义基本相同,常可换用,只是might所表示的可能性比may更加微弱,语气更加委婉。 (2)“must + have+过去分词”表示对过去或者已发生行为的肯定推测,只用于肯定句中,意思是“一定”、“准是”。如: The students are playing on the playground now. They must have finished their homework. 学生们现在在操场上玩,他们准是完成了作业。 The street is wet; it must have rained. 街道是湿的,一定下雨了。 注意:若要表示否定,则用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”,意思是“不可能”。如: The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。 The light is still on: he couldn’t have gone to sleep. 还亮着灯,他不可能睡了。 (3)“can/could + have+过去分词”表示对过去发生行为的怀疑或不肯定,只用于否定句和疑问句中。如: There is no light in the room. Can he have gone out? 屋里没亮,他可能出去了吧? They can’t have finished the work that soon. 他们不可能这么快就做完了。 (4)“should + have+过去分词”表示过去“该做而实际上没有做的事”,意思是“本应该”,其否定形式表示“不应该发生却发生了的行为”,意思是“本不应该”。如: You should have handed in your composition last week. 你本应该上周交作文的。 You shouldn’t have gone to see film last night. You are to take an examination in English this afternoon.昨晚你本不该去看电影的,今天下午还要参加英语考试呢。 注意:1、“should + have+过去分词”还能表示“可能、揣测、推断”,常译成“可能已经、该已”如: Tom has done the work for three hours, so he should have finished it already. Tom已经工作了3个小时,他该已做完了。 2、该结构还可表示“对过去的事感到意外而产生怀疑”,常译成“竟会、竟然”。如: There is no reason why she should have refused. 她竟然拒绝了,简直毫无道理。 It is surprising that he should have been so stupid. 他竟然蠢到如此地步,真令人吃惊。 (5)“ought to + have+过去分词”与“should + have+过去分词”同义,只是语气较强,常含有“责备”、“不赞成”的口气。如: We ought to have given you more help. 我们本应该给你更多的帮助。 She ought to have stopped her work half way. 她不应该把工作做了一半就停下来。 (6)“needn’t + have+过去分词”表示过去“本不必做而实际上已经做了的事”。如: We needn’t have waited him. 我们本不必等他的。 You needn’t have told him about it. 你没比要告诉他那件事。
名词性从句 一.概念 名词性从句共有四种:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句 二.相关知识点精讲 主语从句:主语从句在整个句子中作主语。 (1)不同于其它的连词,它不充当句子的成分,只是单纯的连接词,通常不可以省略。分句置于句首时,that绝对不可以省略。 That the driver could not control his war was obvious. It was obvious that the driver could not control his car. (2)if 不能用在主语从句中,而是用whether Whether he left (or not) is unknown (3)当主语从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用第三人称单数,下面这个句型例外。 What we need is more time and money. What we need are many more books. 2.表语从句:表语从句出现在系动词后,充当表语。 The trouble is that we are short of money. Go and get your coat. It’s where you left it. 引导表语从句除了上述三类词外还有because, as if/ as though等等 The reason (why/for which…..) is that …… It/This/That is because…… 连系动词“appear, look, seem”的两个常用句型 It seems/appears that…. It looks/seems as if/as though……(与事实相符用陈述语气,与事实相反用虚拟语气) as 也可以引导表语从句 Things are not always as they seem to be 3. 宾语从句:及物动词,形容词和介词后加宾语从句作其宾语。 宾语从句时态与主句相呼应,但宾语从句表示的是客观真理或普遍现象除外 The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun 连词whether和 if可以互换,但注意下列情况 连词后紧跟or not时用whether I want to know whether or not they will come. 作介词宾语是用whether引导宾语从句 He was interested in whether he saw her there. 连接词后直接加不定式,不能用if只能用whether He doesn’t know whether to stay or not. 如果宾语从句是否定时,一般用if引导 I care if he will not attend the meeting. 当宾语从句后带宾补时,要用“主语+谓语+it +宾补+that-clause,that不可省略 I think it certain that she will do well in her exam. 当主语是I, we ,主句用think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine五个动词时,用否定转移 I don’t think he will win the game, will he? that在宾语从句常可以省略,但由and或 but连接两个或多个宾语从句时,仅可以省略第一个连词that He said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasn’t hungry. 注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句 I don’t know if he will come. If he comes, I’ll let you know. 4.同位语从句,在句中作某些名词的同位语,对前面的名词进一步说明。用在下列名词 fact,news,idea,hope,believe,hope,thought,doubt.truth,order,suggestion, word etc. There is no doubt that he will come. There is doubt whether he will come. Word came that Napoleon would come to inspect them. There is no possibility that…. that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 在同位语从句中:that不可以省略,不作成分;定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句作成分,作宾语时可以省略 We are interested in the news that some foreigners would visit our school. We are interested in the news that he told us. when, where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 在定语从句中,when, where前有分别表示时间、地点的先行词;而在同位语从句中无此对应关系 They have no idea at all where he has gone.(同位语从句) Go and get your coat. It’s in the place where you left it.(定语从句) 5. 疑问词-ever既可以引导名词性从句,也可以引导让步状语从句,而no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句
虚拟语气的特殊用法 一,虚拟语气用于名词性从句 (1)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。 ①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,译为“要是……就好了”等。 表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时; 表示将来不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”; 表示过去不能实现的愿望,从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如: I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ②在表示建议、要求、命令的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如: She suggested we (should)leave here at once. The doctor ordered she should be operated. (2)虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。 作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句,从句中的谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”。如: His suggestion that we (should)go to Shanghai is wonderful. My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars. (3)虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。 在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构,表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。如: It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day. It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless. It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 注意:这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气。反之,如果不表示惊奇等情感,that从句也可用陈述句语气。如: It is pity that you can’t swim. 3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用 (1)虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中,如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时;指现在状况,则用一般过去时;指将来状况则用过去将来时。如: He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem. (2)虚拟语气用于定语从句中。 这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中,定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形,意思是“(现在)该……”。如: It’s time that I picked up my daughter. It’s high time we were going. (3)虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如: If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice. (4)虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。 ①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉,常出现在日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door? ②用于一些习惯表达法中。如: Would you like a cup of tea? I would rather not tell you.
定语从句中关系代词的选择 关系代词的选择主要取决于以下几个因素: 1、定语从句修饰或说明的先行词的意义,即先行词是指人还是指物。 2、关系代词在从句中的句法功能,即关系代词是作定语从句的主语还是宾语,还是句子的其它成分 3、定语从句与先行词的关系,即定语从句是限制性定语从句还是非限制性的定语从句。 (1)who和that可以指人,which和that可以指物,但是在限制性定语从句中,特别是在口语中,先行词指人时,关系代词做主语,通常用who, 作宾语用that;先行词指物时,关系代词通常用that。例如: The man who wrote the book is a famous writer. She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood. Where is the book that I bought last week. (2)在非限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时,关系代词做主语用who, 作宾语用whom,不可省略;先行词指物时,关系代词用which 不用that。例如: Martin Luther King, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, was an important political leader in the USA. His brother, whom we met on the way, is in the classroom now. These apple-trees, which we planted 3 years ago, haven’t borne any fruit. Football, which is a very interested game, is played all over the world. (3)先行词被any, every, the only, the very, the same, all, no修饰时,关系代词通常用that而不用which和who,作宾语时可省略。如: Ask her or any other student that was there. That’s the only thing (that) we can do at the moment. (4)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词通常用that而不用which和who, 作宾语时可省略。如: This is the best book (that) I have ever known on that subject. The last place (that) we visited was a school. (5)先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much, none时,关系代词通常用that而不用which,如: There is still much that can be done about it. All (that) you have to do is to get everything ready. (6)先行词是指人的不定代词one和all时,关系代词通常用who而不用that。如: All(Those)who heard the story were surprised。 (7)先行词是不定代词everything, something, anything, nothing关系代词通常用that而不用which,在something之后亦可用which;是everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, no one时,关系代词通常用who而不用that。如: There is something (that/which) I want to tell you. Is there anyone who doesn’t understand the text? (8)在介词之后,先行词指人时,关系代词只能用whom;指物时只能用which,(且不可省略)不能用that,。但介词放在从句句末时,可用that,且可省略。如: Do you know the woman with whom the teacher is talking? Do you know the woman (whom/that) the teacher is talking with? This is the storybook about which I told you. This is the storybook (which/that) I told you about. (9)当先行词为两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的名词及其短语时,关系代词只用that而不用which或who。如: Mary has to look after her young sister and the little cat that are left in the house after the parents go to work. He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited. (10)先行词是指示代词that 时,通常指物,关系代词用which;是those时,通常指人,关系代词用who。如: What is that which she said? Those who do not work must not eat. (11)先行词是疑问代词who 时,关系代词只能用that,不能用who。如; Who that has read this book will never forget it. (12)在由who, which构成的疑问句中,若含有定语从句,关系代词只能用that,不能用who和which。如; Who is the person that is standing at the gate? Which of us that knows something about physics does not this?
非谓语动词 非谓语动词,是动词的非谓语形式。动词一般在句子中充当谓语。非谓语动词在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语。即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。 非谓语动词包括不定式,动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三种形式。非谓语动词有以下几种形式上的变化: 主动形式 被动形式 动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成时 to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing 动名词与现在分词 一般式 doing being done 完成时 having done having been done 过去分词 一般式 done 一, 动词不定式 1, 不定式做主语: (1)往往放在谓语的后面,句子则用引导词it作形式主语。 It is a great pleasure to talk with him. (2)在不定式的前面加一个由for引起的断语说明不定式表示的动作的执行者。 It is easy for the students to read. (3)在下列形容词作表语时,不定式前常需加由for引起的短语,说明不定式指的是谁的情况:kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, polite, naught. 2,不定式作宾语及复合宾语: (1)有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语,常见动词有:want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend(假装), forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend. (2)有些及物动词常用一个连接代词(副词)加上动词不定式作宾语。常见的动词有:tell, teach, advise, show, decide, discuss等等。 The teacher taught me how to pronounce the word again and again. (3)有些动词需要复合宾语,动词不定式在复合宾语中作宾语补足语。常见动词有:ask, advise, allow, believe, call on(号召,请求), help, know, like, order, tell, persuade, permit, want. I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. (4)有些动词的复合宾语中,动词不定时须省掉to,这样的动词有:see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, hear, have, feel, let, make, help. e.g. We wanted to have him come early. They saw the boys play volleyball on the ground after school. 【注意】①help后面的 to可省掉,也可保留。 ②在被动语态的句子中不定式省去的to需要还原。 (5)有些动词复合宾语中的不定式,常用it来表示,真正作宾语的不定式则放在宾语补足语的后面,常见的动词有:find, think, make, consider, feel. Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 3,不定式作定语: 不定式作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。 (1) 有些名词的后面常用不定式作定语。这些名词是:campaign(战役),courage, chance, decision, determination, drive, effort, intention(目的,意图), motive force(动力),movement, need, opportunity, right, struggle, time, way, wish. (2)有些句子常可以看到不定式作定语的用法。这类举行常见的有:I usually have a lot of meetings to attend during the summer vacation. He has something important to tell me every day. Sorry, I don’t know you are always the first person to come here. This is not the pen to write with. I have not a friend to talk with. 4,不定式作状语的用法: 不定式作状语,用来修饰动词,表示目的,原因,结果,其位置和一般的状语相同。 (1) 表示目的: We went to the airport to welcome the players last Saturday. 【注意】有时不定式表示目的时使用in order to或 so as to加动词原形,为了表示强调,放在句首或句尾。
现在分词用法小结 以下内容全部是又本人自己总结 鉴于本人是名高2学生 所以可能会存在些错误 请见凉 由于我还要忙于学习 所以每次只能加一点内容 但是我会尽力改善的 所有的内容仅供参考 谢谢!! 个人经验:看见分词当动词用 看见动名词当名词用 看见不定式既当名词也可当动词用 这样可以避免大家进入学习非谓语动词的误区 现在分词(Present Participle) 一.构成形式 doing (特殊的略) 现在分词表示主动的或进行的动作 二.时态与语态 一般式doing 一般被动式being done       完成式having done 完成被动式having been done 所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式 三.可作成分  定语 状语 补语 表语  1.作定语 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前   分词短语作定语时放在后 并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系  这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一 eg. a  running boy       the girl standing there 并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句 eg. a boy who is running   a girl who is standing there 注意1:分词的完成时不可作定语 注意2:在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语 不用过去分词 这是考试的易错点 注意3:某些现在分词作定语时 已不再表示动作 已经从分词变为了形容词词性 eg.an interesting story  an exciting match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语 但是不能转化为相应的定语从句 但是可以有三级变化(原级 比较级 最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰  2.作补语 高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况 不研究作主补的情况 只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补  1)感官动词:see hear watch feel notice         observe keep find listen to look at 2)使役动词:have get catch leave set  值得注意的是:要想用现在分词来作宾补 只能是用于这些词后 但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补) eg.I saw him singing now. Don't have the students studying all day. 注意 :宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系 即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者 至于 现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可 无须深入 3.作表语 现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意3 有三级变化 可被副词修饰  eg.The story is interesting. The match is exciting.   注意 :表动作的现在分词不能作表语 例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓(其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语) 关于句子成分的语法内容 有时间再为大家补充  4.作状语 作时间 条件 原因 让步状语事要位于句首 且与后面用逗号隔开 能转换为一个相应的状语从句 作结果 方式 伴随状语时要位于句尾 且与前面用逗号隔开 有时也可以不用 注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语(即分词动作的发出者)一般要与句中主语保持一致.〔这个是重点 是考试和高考的常考点 大家必须记住〕 个人经验状语从句是万能的 而分词作状语具有局限性 当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做 1)作时间状语 eg.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时,我看到他了. 可以转化为一个时间状语从句 When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him. 当我要表达正在进行的动作时 我们可以在分词前面加上when/while 那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.(其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略 但是不是时时成立的)
教大家怎样打出特殊符号! 首先把这个给大家看一下! 贴子相关图片: 接着...... 选择输入法智能ABC 打V1出现特殊的符号(多翻几页): 、。·ˉˇ¨〃々—~‖·‘’“”〔〕〈〉《》「」『』〖〗【】±×÷∶∧∨∑∏∪∩∈∷√⊥‖∠⌒⊙∫∮≡≌≈∽∝≠≮≯≤≥∞∵∴♂♀°′〃℃$¤¢£‰§№☆★○●◎◇◆□■△▲※→←↑↓〓 打V2是数字 带点数字如⒈⒉⒊⒋......至⒛(不多举例下同,请自己查看) 带括号数字⑴⑵⑶⑷......至⒇ 带圈数字①②③④①......至⑩ 带括号汉字一二三四......至十 古罗马数字ⅠⅡⅡⅣ......至Ⅻ 打V3是常用的数学文学符号及拉丁英文 !”#¥%&’()*+,-./01254567899:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMN至Z 〔\〕^_‘abcd至z{|} ̄ 打V4V5是日文平假名及片假名 然后....... ☻常用符号☆ ♂ ♀ ♥ ♡ ⊙ ◎ ☺ ☻ ► ◄ ↔ ↕ ▪ ▫ ☼ ♦ ▀ ▄ █ ▌ ▐ ░ ▒▬♦ ◊ ◦ ☼ ♠ ♣ ◘ ◙ ◈ ♫ の☆→ あ ぃ £ =.=a ❤♥ ☆ ▓ ♠ ♣ ♦ ™ ╬ ╖ 《 ぷ Ψ γ ❡ ♫ ♬ ♪ ♩ 囍 ◈ ▓ ▩ ▧ ▨ ░ ▒ ☼ ♨ ☺ ☻ ☃ ﻬ ஐ 。∩_∩♥♡☻☺❀ ❀(`・ω・´)◙☻☺♠ ¤ ∂Ω Š ∆ Š Õ╠ ╣Ő ő ∞ ≈© ‡ † Ž ஆ ௰ ௫& ₪ ▽ ▼►◄◈◎ ♫ ♣♥♪♫☼♀♂♦®ᅘ⌂⌒╩╔╚ ╗♡♨か 『╬ ☞ ๑۩۞۩๑ ♡m1net♡ ⊙●○①⊕◎Θ⊙¤㊣★☆♀◆◇◣◢◥▲▼△▽⊿◤ ◥ ▆ ▇ █ █ ■ ▓ 回 □ 〓≡ ╝╚╔ ╗╬ ═ ╓ ╩ ┠ ┨┯ ┷┏ ┓┗ ┛┳⊥『』┌ ┐└ ┘∟「」↑↓→←↘↙♀♂┇┅ 大脸娃娃符号表 01. <( ̄) ̄)> 02. <( ̄) ̄)/ 03. b( ̄▽ ̄)d 04. 汗( ̄口 ̄)!! 05. ╮( ̄▽ ̄)╭ 06. ╰( ̄▽ ̄)╭ 07. ╮( ̄﹏ ̄)╭ 08. ( ̄▽ ̄@) 09. ○( ̄﹏ ̄)○ 10. <( ̄oo, ̄)/ 11. ╮( ̄▽ ̄")╭ 12. ^( ̄) ̄)^ 13. /( ̄▽ ̄)♂ 14. /( ̄▽ ̄)♀ 15. ╭( ̄m ̄*)╮ 16. ╰( ̄▽ ̄)╯ 17. <(@ ̄) ̄@)> 18. 帅( ̄▽ ̄)σ" 19. 羞(# ̄▽ ̄#) 20. ( ̄Q ̄)╯ 21. 涨( ̄) ̄)↗ 22. 跌(┬_┬)↘ 23. <( ̄ c ̄)y▂ξ 24. ε( ̄□ ̄)3|| 25. ╮(╯▽╰)╭ 26. ╮(╯_╰)╭ 27. ╮(〉_〉")╭ 28. ╰(‘□′)╯ 29. (#-.-)/ 30. ()^))=凸 31. (((‘□′))怒 32. ╭(—?—)╮ 33. ˋ(′~‘")ˊ 34. ˋ(′o‘")ˊ 35. ˋ(′ε‘")ˊ 36. \(╯▼╰)/ 37. ┐(—__—)┌ 38. <(‘^′)>气! 39. ┌(‘▽′)╭ 40. #(┬_┬)泣! 41. <( ̄) ̄)> <( ̄) ̄)><( ̄) ̄)> 42. <( ̄) ̄)/<( ̄) ̄)/<( ̄) ̄)/ 43. 看拳o(╬ ̄皿 ̄)=○# ( ̄#)3 ̄) 44. K.O <(o一-一)=○# ( ̄#)3 ̄) 45. (╯‘□′)╯( ┴—┴ 翻桌啦! 46. 翻桌啦! ┴—┴ ( ╰(‘□′╰) 47. ╭∩╮( ̄▽ ̄)╭∩╮你有没有搞错! 48. 哼.哼.哼 <()^))_╭∩╮╭∩╮ 49. \("▔□▔)/\("▔□▔)/\("▔□▔)/ 50. ~( ̄▽ ̄)~( ̄▽ ̄)~爽到不行~ 51. ~( ̄3 ̄)~(〕ε〉)~( ̄3 ̄)~快送医! 52. 无影脚<(  ̄^ ̄)(θ(θ☆( >_<) 53. 笨蛋<( ‘□′)———Cε(┬_┬)3 54. 夹!<( ‘□′)———C<—___-)||
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