刀锋_特种武装的个人资料

被沙克套路了描述一下事件前的情况: 与沙克关系46，没见过石魔在斯昆和阿德马克有各有一人负责采购铜铁资源与圣国关系21，没见过菲尼克斯建城点在水泡山庄下的平原在平原上过着吃饭练兵射靶子的我，居然收到了警报:石魔的复仇。WTF？我都没见过石魔，哪来的复仇？然后通过在阿德马克的眼线，我发现他们也没走远，游离在视线的边缘。于是几天下来平安无事。直到这个眼线需要回家送资源的时候，这支复仇军队终于开拔了，原来还需要我来带路？带路就算了，等我眼线回家了，这帮人跑到了水泡山庄了，有人带路还能走歪的路痴你顶得住吗？于是他们就跟圣国军队打起来了。我派了一个忍者负责围观。虽然和沙克关系更好而且需要他们的商店，但是跟圣国低头不见抬头见，我决定专门医疗倒下的圣国士兵。而后我发现圣国真的扶不起来，沙克本来就能打，而且是两人一组夹攻一个圣骑士，水泡就从门口到外城再到内城逐渐沦陷。菲尼克斯也是自信过头，出门走两步就能御驾亲征，钻起拳头来打决不会如此。直到内城进入混战，看着满地起不来的圣骑士。想起我家里还缺铁矿石，我也起了歹心，在城外盖了一个熔炉，开始挨个搜刮，从屋里到屋外。等到外城清干净了，进内城一看，菲尼克斯已经倒在了二楼，已经死亡了我觉得要留点什么纪念一下这个见面还不到一天的首领，于是扒掉了他的鞋子、盔甲、武器，带回去收藏。等回家了，天亮了，上帝之怒就来了 WTF？人又不是我杀得，怎么找起我来了。石魔复仇还在迷路，上帝之怒已经在路上了。于是第一次见到僵尸潮一般的军队，你们这群人能早一天救菲尼克斯，也不至于如此。在目字形瓮城和50座多管炮面前，上帝之怒也成了无能狂怒，塞塔被生擒，关了起来。这一场下来关系从21打到了-53。眼下的痛点在于没有了贸易对象。两天过去了，水泡沦为一座空城，坏牙被沙克攻占可以交易但跟我的城池离得有点远，不知道浪忍团何时接受水泡，我还没见过他们。现在盘点一下，我发现我被沙克套路了，无敌五人组全员出征，对圣国进行了一次斩首行动，然后把罪名赖在我头上，圣国对我发动反攻丢了二当家，沙克就能攻占坏牙和斯塔克了。沙克两天时间摆平了三个城市，而我也就捡了三千的铁矿石，当然最大的输家还是圣国，整个国家垮了一大片。我一直以为沙克是帮口嗨，今天算是领教到了，耍起手段来真的有两下子

我不得不承认这个画面太富有艺术感了身处箭雨之中，目睹了战友惨死，即使明白自己的结局，依旧挺起了胸膛

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.25 Toyota Unveils Its Cosmic Collaboration for Futuristic Moon Rover by Staff Writers Tokyo, Japan (Sputnik) Jul 24, 2019 原文：/reports/Toyota_Unveils_Its_Cosmic_Collaboration_for_Futuristic_Moon_Rover_999.html Many major national space agencies are currently looking to utilise the resource of the Moon and its shadowed craters through the development of new technologies. NASA has previously used "moon buggies" on the final three Apollo moon missions, in 1971 and 1972, respectively, and plans to have astronauts on the Moon's south pole by 2024. Toyota has announced the cosmic-scale launch of its off-road moon rover of the future for astronauts. The joint effort by Japan's world-renowned car company and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been signed for the next 3 years to collaborate in the creation of a pressurised lunar rover and include cutting-edge fuel-cell electric-vehicle technologies. Toyota announced in a statement that "JAXA and Toyota will manufacture, test and evaluate prototypes, with the goal of developing a manned, pressurised lunar rover and exploring the surface of the moon as part of an international project." They also added that the time-frame which this effort will take place will run starting this fiscal year and through 2021. Toyota revealed the creation of its Lunar Exploration Mobility Works in July, which will eventually employ 30 people to take part in the project. JAXA officials have explained that the plan for the collaboration with Toyota is to construct a "huge, pressurised rover that will be typically crewed by two astronauts but capable of accommodating up to four people in an emergency." "If current concept designs hold true, the rover will be huge - at least 20 feet (6 meters) long, have six wheels, and measure 17 feet (5.2 m) wide and 12.4 feet (3.8 m) high. The vehicle will have about 140 square feet (13 square meters) of living space." There are currently two concept designs for the JAXA-Toyota rover. Both show show a futuristic and gleaming lunar car with a cockpit like a nose sheltered by sharp angular windows. The rover will be solar powered and have headlights, running lights, and brake lights like a regular car. The first prototype for the rover is planned to be completed by 2022 and a test-flight model is scheduled for 2027, culminating in a full-scaled flight in 2029. The vehicle is planned to be used to explore the polar regions of the moon and look into the possibility of harnessing the moons resources such as frozen water, as well as providing examples of new technologies to be used on other exploration missions, according to Toyota representatives. The revelation of the new rover comes as the world celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Apollo Moon Landings on the 20th of July, the first time Man that ever walked on the moon. Source: RIA Novosti

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.21 One giant leap: 50 years ago, humanity's first steps on the Moon By S�bastien VUAGNAT, with Issam AHMED in Washington Houston (AFP) July 21, 2019 原文：/reports/One_giant_leap_50_years_ago_humanitys_first_steps_on_the_Moon_999.html "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind": it was with these words that Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the Moon 50 years ago, an occasion celebrated by space enthusiasts globally Saturday. The era-defining event was watched by more than half a billion people around the world, and represented one of humanity's greatest achievements. In the US, its 50th anniversary has revived public enthusiasm for crewed space flight, as NASA charts out new missions to the Moon and on to Mars. At 4:18pm ET (2018 GMT) on July 20, 1969, the lunar module carrying Armstrong and crewmate Buzz Aldrin touched down on the Sea of Tranquility, following a four-day journey. NASA replayed the original CBS footage online. "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed," Armstrong said. A little over six hours later, at 10:56pm ET (0256 GMT Sunday), Armstrong stepped on the lunar surface and uttered his immortal words -- which he later said he thought about during the flight and prior to exiting Eagle. Aldrin followed about 20 minutes later, exclaiming: "Magnificent desolation." The pair spent about two-and-a-half hours on the surface, carrying out scientific experiments and collecting samples. "We had the problem of the five-year-old boy in a candy store," Armstrong would later go on to say. "There are just too many interesting things to do." In Houston on Saturday night, thousands of space enthusiasts descended upon the visitor area of the NASA Johnson Space Center for a countdown to the "Moonversary," and watched a giant screen that replayed the iconic moments, before fireworks lit up the sky. NASA has been in overdrive for several weeks to mark the anniversary, with exhibits and events around the country, including projecting the giant Saturn V rocket and clips from the mission on the Washington Monument. "Looking back, landing on the moon wasn't just our job, it was a historic opportunity to prove to the world America's can-do spirit," Aldrin, 89, tweeted. Earlier in the day, Vice President Mike Pence delivered a speech from Cape Canaveral, from where Armstrong, Aldrin and Michael Collins, the third crew member, took off. All three men were born in 1930, and Armstrong died in 2012. "Apollo 11 is the only event in the 20th century that stands a chance of being widely remembered in the 30th century," Pence said. NASA has declared its intention to return to the Moon by 2024 under the Artemis program -- the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology -- and this time place the first woman on its surface. It plans to establish a lunar orbiting platform, called a "Gateway," studying how living organisms react to the radiation and microgravity of a deep space environment over a long period, as it looks ahead to a crewed Mars mission in the 2030s. Experts doubt that the space agency can meet its current goals on time. None of the key elements -- the rocket, crew capsule, lander, or orbital station -- are yet ready. Pence used the occasion to announce that the Orion crew capsule had now been assembled, "a critical milestone." According to a release by maker Lockheed Martin, it needs several months more of testing before it is delivered for launch processing in early 2020. - 'I've been there!' - In an interview with Fox News, Aldrin lamented the lack of progress in human space exploration since the Apollo program, which ended in 1972. He also called for global cooperation to achieve humanity's next steps on the Moon and Mars. "It would not be at all helpful to be competing for the Moon or Mars, that's very wasteful," he said. Collins too is keen for crewed missions sooner rather than later, and has advocated for the US to go "direct to Mars" rather than returning to the Moon first. Asked on Saturday if he thinks much about the events of 50 years ago, he told Fox News: "Not very often. "I lead a quiet life. I'll be walking along down my street at night, when it's starting to get dark and I sense something over my right shoulder and I look up and see that little silver sliver up there and think, 'Oh that's the Moon! I've been there!' - Uncertain future - The White House meanwhile issued a statement announcing it was "committed to reestablishing our Nation's dominance and leadership in space for centuries to come." Both presidents George HW Bush and his son George W Bush made similar promises but financial constraints stopped their vision from being realized. The future of Artemis rests therefore on the willingness of Congress to substantially increase NASA's current budget of $21 billion -- and possibly on the outcome of the 2020 presidential election.

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.18 SpaceX Dragon capsule explosion blamed on titanium valve failure by Paul Brinkmann Orlando FL (UPI) Jul 17, 2019 原文：/reports/SpaceX_Dragon_capsule_explosion_blamed_on_titanium_valve_failure_999.html SpaceX announced Monday that the explosion of its Crew Dragon space capsule during an April test in Florida was due to the failure of a titanium valve. The explosion put the schedule for a crewed flight of SpaceX missions to the International Space Station in doubt. Hans Koenigsmann, vice president of mission assurance for SpaceX, said sending people up in a Dragon capsule this year still was possible, but would require a lot of things to go right in the remaining months. SpaceX and Boeing are working on competing capsules to send people to the space station from U.S. soil - which hasn't happened since the space shuttle program ended in 2011. The nation has been relying on purchased Russian Soyuz capsules, launched from Kazakhstan. "Lessons learned from the test - and others in our comprehensive test campaign - will lead to further improvements in the safety and reliability of SpaceX's flight vehicles," a company statement said. Koenigsmann said the SuperDraco thrusters, which are a key part of its crewed capsule propulsion system, were not part of the problem. Known as a check valve, the component that failed has been replaced and is being tested in the company's remaining capsules with a type of seal that would prevent the same problems, the company said. The accident investigation team had found evidence of burning within the valve, which was recovered from debris of the explosion. Titanium used in the valve has a notorious history for exploding in industrial settings when heated to super-hot temperatures, usually in the presence of water moisture, according to an article published by the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. Kathy Lueders, NASA's commercial crew program manager, emphasized that approving a spacecraft to carry people is a lengthy process that requires many test flights. "I know everyone would like to say, this is when we're going to fly, but we're headed into a really critical time for testing, and we might learn things," Lueders said in a news conference. She said the two astronauts designated to fly on the Dragon, Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, visit SpaceX facilities often. "They also are veterans of spaceflight" and understand how testing provides information about spacecraft development, Lueders said. "I think they really appreciated SpaceX's openness."

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.15 Europe's GPS rival Galileo suffers outage by Staff Writers Brussels (AFP) July 15, 2019 原文：//reports/Europes_GPS_rival_Galileo_suffers_outage_999.html Europe's Galileo satellite position system, a future rival of the American GPS network, has been out of service since Friday, its oversight agency said. The European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency (GSA) said the outage was caused by a "technical incident related to its ground infrastructure". Galileo has been in a pilot phase since December 2016 and devices that use its signal should be able to switch to GPS services while it is fixed. "The incident has led to a temporary interruption of the Galileo initial navigation and timing services," the GSA said. The network's search and rescue function, which helps pinpoint boat crews or hikers in distress, is unaffected. Galileo has 22 orbital satellites helping to pinpoint and track mobile telephone users and vehicles. It is due to become fully operational around the globe next year, offering a civilian, European alternative to US and Russian-controlled networks. Although controlled by a civilian agency, planners hope it will also underpin the strategic independence of future European military systems.

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.13 Who owns the moon? A space lawyer answers by Frans von der Dunk | Professor of Space Law, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NB (The Conversation) Jul 13, 2019 原文：/reports/Who_owns_the_moon_A_space_lawyer_answers_999.html Most likely, this is the best-known picture of a flag ever taken: Buzz Aldrin standing next to the first U.S. flag planted on the Moon. For those who knew their world history, it also rang some alarm bells. Only less than a century ago, back on Earth, planting a national flag in another part of the world still amounted to claiming that territory for the fatherland. Did the Stars and Stripes on the moon signify the establishment of an American colony? When people hear for the first time that I am a lawyer practicing and teaching something called "space law," the question they ask most frequently, often with a big smile or a twinkle in the eye, is: "So tell me, who owns the moon?" Of course, claiming new national territories had been very much a European habit, applied to non-European parts of the world. In particular the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch, the French and the English created huge colonial empires. But while their attitude was very Europe-centric, the legal notion that planting a flag was an act of establishing sovereignty quickly stuck and became accepted worldwide as part and parcel of the law of nations. Obviously, the astronauts had more important things on their mind than contemplating the legal meaning and consequences of that planted flag, but luckily the issue had been taken care of prior to the mission. Since the beginning of the space race the United States knew that for many people around the world the sight of a U.S. flag on the Moon would raise major political issues. Any suggestion that the moon might become, legally speaking, part of U.S. backwaters might fuel such concerns, and possibly give rise to international disputes harmful to both the U.S. space program and U.S. interests as a whole. By 1969, decolonization may have destroyed any notion that non-European parts of the world, though populated, were not civilized and thus justifiably made subject to European sovereignty - however, there was not a single person living on the moon; even life itself was absent. Still, the simple answer to the question of whether Armstrong and Aldrin by way of their small ceremony did transform the moon, or at least a major part thereof, into U.S. territory turns out to be "no." They, nor NASA, nor the U.S. government intended the U.S. flag to have that effect. The first outer space treaty Most importantly, that answer was enshrined in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, to which both the United States and the Soviet Union as well as all other space-faring nations, had become a party. Both superpowers agreed that "colonization" on Earth had been responsible for tremendous human suffering and many armed conflicts that had raged over the last centuries. They were determined not to repeat that mistake of the old European colonial powers when it came to decide on the legal status of the moon; at least the possibility of a "land grab" in outer space giving rise to another world war was to be avoided. By that token, the moon became something of a "global commons" legally accessible to all countries - two years prior to the first actual manned moon landing. So, the U.S. flag was not a manifestation of claiming sovereignty, but of honoring the U.S. taxpayers and engineers who made Armstrong, Aldrin, and third astronaut Michael Collins' mission possible. The two men carried a plaque that they "came in peace for all mankind," and of course Neil's famous words echoed the same sentiment: his "small step for man" was not a "giant leap" for the United States, but "for mankind." Furthermore, the United States and NASA lived up to their commitment by sharing the moon rocks and other samples of soil from the lunar surface with the rest of the world, whether by giving them away to foreign governments or by allowing scientists from all over the globe to access them for scientific analysis and discussion. In the midst of the Cold War, this even included scientists from the Soviet Union. Case closed, no need for space lawyers anymore then? No need for me to prepare University of Nebraska-Lincoln's space law students for further discussions and disputes on the lunar law, right? No space lawyers needed? Not so fast. While the legal status of the Moon as a "global commons" accessible to all countries on peaceful missions did not meet any substantial resistance or challenge, the Outer Space Treaty left further details unsettled. Contrary to the very optimistic assumptions made at the time, so far humankind has not returned to the moon since 1972, making lunar land rights largely theoretical. That is, until a few years ago when several new plans were hatched to go back to the moon. In addition at least two U.S. companies, Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries, which have serious financial backing, have started targeting asteroids for the purpose of mining their mineral resources. Geek note: Under the aforementioned Outer Space Treaty, the moon and other celestial bodies such as asteroids, legally speaking, belong in the same basket. None of them can become the "territory" of one sovereign state or another. The very fundamental prohibition under the Outer Space Treaty to acquire new state territory, by planting a flag or by any other means, failed to address the commercial exploitation of natural resources on the moon and other celestial bodies. This is a major debate currently raging in the international community, with no unequivocally accepted solution in sight yet. Roughly, there are two general interpretations possible. So you want to mine an asteroid? Countries such as the United States and Luxembourg (as the gateway to the European Union) agree that the moon and asteroids are "global commons," which means that each country allows its private entrepreneurs, as long as duly licensed and in compliance with other relevant rules of space law, to go out there and extract what they can, to try and make money with it. It's a bit like the law of the high seas, which are not under the control of an individual country, but completely open to duly licensed law-abiding fishing operations from any country's citizens and companies. Then, once the fish is in their nets, it is legally theirs to sell. On the other hand, countries such as Russia and somewhat less explicitly Brazil and Belgium hold that the moon and asteroids belong to humanity as a whole. And therefore the potential benefits from commercial exploitation should somehow accrue for humanity as a whole - or at least should be subjected to a presumably rigorous international regime to guarantee humanity-wide benefits. It's a bit like the regime originally established for harvesting mineral resources from the deep seabed. Here, an international licensing regime was created as well as an international enterprise, which was to mine those resources and generally share the benefits among all countries. While in my view the former position certainly would make more sense, both legally and practically, the legal battle by no means is over. Meanwhile, the interest in the moon has been renewed as well - at least China, India and Japan have serious plans to go back there, raising the stakes even higher. Therefore, at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln we will need to teach our students about these issues for many years to come. While ultimately it is up to the community of states to determine whether common agreement can be reached on either of the two positions or maybe somewhere in between, it is of crucial importance that agreement can be reached one way or another. Such activities developing without any law that is generally applicable and accepted would be a worst-case scenario. While not a matter of colonization anymore, it may have all the same harmful results.

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.11 Major shuffle at NASA in rush to meet Trump's moon deadline by Staff Writers Washington (AFP) July 11, 2019 原文：/reports/Major_shuffle_at_NASA_in_rush_to_meet_Trumps_moon_deadline_999.html NASA has replaced the head of its human space exploration directorate in a major shake-up, US media reported Wednesday, as the agency scrambles to meet President Donald Trump's ambitious deadline to return astronauts to the moon by 2024. The project -- named Artemis -- would be the first attempt to return humans to the lunar surface since the last Apollo landing in 1972, but some experts doubt if the deadline is realistic given budgetary constraints and delays in developing the next-generation rockets and equipment needed for the journey. To meet this "bold challenge", NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine said in an email to employees that Bill Gerstenmaier, head of the agency's Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) missions directorate, has been removed from his position and assigned an advisory role, the Washington Post and other US news outlets. The widely-respected Gerstenmaier is a NASA veteran who joined the agency in 1977, rising to become one of its top managers, overseeing the space shuttle program and US operations on the International Space Station before becoming head of HEO. "We, as a nation, are thankful for his service in advancing America's priorities and expanding the limits of science, technology and exploration," Bridenstine wrote of Gerstenmaier in his email, according to CBS News. Former astronaut Ken Bowersox will be the acting head of the section, according to Bridenstine's email. The American plan to return humans to the moon -- including the first woman -- is beset with delays and cost overruns, according to an official audit released last month. The cost of Boeing's giant Space Launch System (SLS) rocket -- at the core of the Artemis project -- has risen by nearly 30 percent to $8 billion, and its already-delayed first flight is unlikely to take place by June 2020 as planned. Costs for the Orion capsule being built by Lockheed Martin to transport astronauts have also grown. But Vice President Mike Pence, who announced the accelerated 2024 target in March, has criticized NASA for "bureaucratic inertia" and asked for a new mindset. Critics have said such tight deadlines may lead to serious risk-taking to save time, including reducing the amount of testing done on rockets. Bridenstine has described the 2024 deadline as "aggressive" but doable.

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.9 Keeping NASA's Oldest Explorers Going by Staff Writers Pasadena CA (JPL) Jul 09, 2019 原文：/reports/Keeping_NASAs_Oldest_Explorers_Going_999.html With careful planning and dashes of creativity, engineers have been able to keep NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flying for nearly 42 years - longer than any other spacecraft in history. To ensure that these vintage robots continue to return the best science data possible from the frontiers of space, mission engineers are implementing a new plan to manage them. And that involves making difficult choices, particularly about instruments and thrusters. One key issue is that both Voyagers, launched in 1977, have less and less power available over time to run their science instruments and the heaters that keep them warm in the coldness of deep space. Engineers have had to decide what parts get power and what parts have to be turned off on both spacecraft. But those decisions must be made sooner for Voyager 2 than Voyager 1 because Voyager 2 has one more science instrument collecting data - and drawing power - than its sibling. After extensive discussions with the science team, mission managers recently turned off a heater for the cosmic ray subsystem instrument (CRS) on Voyager 2 as part of the new power management plan. The cosmic ray instrument played a crucial role last November in determining that Voyager 2 had exited the heliosphere, the protective bubble created by a constant outflow (or wind) of ionized particles from the Sun. Ever since, the two Voyagers have been sending back details of how our heliosphere interacts with the wind flowing in interstellar space, the space between stars. Not only are Voyager mission findings providing humanity with observations of truly uncharted territory, but they help us understand the very nature of energy and radiation in space - key information for protecting NASA's missions and astronauts even when closer to home. Mission team members can now preliminarily confirm that Voyager 2's cosmic ray instrument is still returning data, despite dropping to a chilly -74 F (-59 C). This is lower than the temperatures at which CRS was tested more than 42 years ago (down to -49 F, or -45 C). Another Voyager instrument also continued to function for years after it dropped below temperatures at which it was tested. "It's incredible that Voyagers' instruments have proved so hardy," said Voyager Project Manager Suzanne Dodd, who is based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "We're proud they've withstood the test of time. The long lifetimes of the spacecraft mean we're dealing with scenarios we never thought we'd encounter. We will continue to explore every option we have in order to keep the Voyagers doing the best science possible." Voyager 2 continues to return data from five instruments as it travels through interstellar space. In addition to the cosmic ray instrument, which detects fast-moving particles that can originate from the Sun or from sources outside our solar system, the spacecraft is operating two instruments dedicated to studying plasma (a gas in which atoms have been ionized and electrons float freely) and a magnetometer (which measures magnetic fields) for understanding the sparse clouds of material in interstellar space. Taking data from a range of directions, the low-energy charged particle instrument is particularly useful for studying the probe's transition away from our heliosphere. Because CRS can look only in certain fixed directions, the Voyager science team decided to turn off CRS's heater first. Voyager 1, which crossed into interstellar space in August 2012, continues to collect data from its cosmic ray instrument as well, plus from one plasma instrument, the magnetometer and the low-energy charged particle instrument. Why Turn Off Heaters? Launched separately in 1977, the two Voyagers are now over 11 billion miles (18 billion kilometers) from the Sun and far from its warmth. Engineers have to carefully control temperature on both spacecraft to keep them operating. For instance, if fuel lines powering the thrusters that keep the spacecraft oriented were to freeze, the Voyagers' antennae could stop pointing at Earth. That would prevent engineers from sending commands to the spacecraft or receiving scientific data. So the spacecraft were designed to heat themselves. But running heaters - and instruments - requires power, which is constantly diminishing on both Voyagers. Each of the probes is powered by three radioisotope thermoelectric generators, or RTGs, which produce heat via the natural decay of plutonium-238 radioisotopes and convert that heat into electrical power. Because the heat energy of the plutonium in the RTGs declines and their internal efficiency decreases over time, each spacecraft is producing about 4 fewer watts of electrical power each year. That means the generators produce about 40% less than what they did at launch nearly 42 years ago, limiting the number of systems that can run on the spacecraft. The mission's new power management plan explores multiple options for dealing with the diminishing power supply on both spacecraft, including shutting off additional instrument heaters over the next few years. Revving Up Old Jet Packs Another challenge that engineers have faced is managing the degradation of some of the spacecraft thrusters, which fire in tiny pulses, or puffs, to subtly rotate the spacecraft. This became an issue in 2017, when mission controllers noticed that a set of thrusters on Voyager 1 needed to give off more puffs to keep the spacecraft's antenna pointed at Earth. To make sure the spacecraft could continue to maintain proper orientation, the team fired up another set of thrusters on Voyager 1 that hadn't been used in 37 years. Voyager 2's current thrusters have started to degrade, too. Mission managers have decided to make the same thruster switch on that probe this month. Voyager 2 last used these thrusters (known as trajectory correction maneuver thrusters) during its encounter with Neptune in 1989. Many Miles to Go Before They Sleep The engineers' plan to manage power and aging parts should ensure that Voyager 1 and 2 can continue to collect data from interstellar space for several years to come. Data from the Voyagers continue to provide scientists with never-before-seen observations of our boundary with interstellar space, complementing NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX), a mission that is remotely sensing that boundary. NASA is also preparing the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP), due to launch in 2024, to capitalize on the Voyagers' observations. "Both Voyager probes are exploring regions never before visited, so every day is a day of discovery," said Voyager Project Scientist Ed Stone, who is based at Caltech. "Voyager is going to keep surprising us with new insights about deep space."

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.7.4 NASA Eyes GPS at the Moon for Artemis Missions by Lori Keesey for GSFC News Greenbelt MD (SPX) Jul 01, 2019 原文：/reports/NASA_Eyes_GPS_at_the_Moon_for_Artemis_Missions_999.html GPS, a satellite-based navigation system used by an estimated four billion people worldwide to figure out where they are on Earth at any moment, could be used to pilot in and around lunar orbit during future Artemis missions. A team at NASA is developing a special receiver that would be able to pick up location signals provided by the 24 to 32 operational Global Positioning System satellites, better known as GPS. GPS is operated by the U.S. military about 12,550 miles above Earth's surface, and is open to anyone with a GPS receiver. These same GPS signals provide location data used in vehicle navigation systems, interactive maps, and tracking devices of all types, among many other applications. Such a capability could soon also provide navigational solutions to astronauts and ground controllers operating the Orion spacecraft, the Gateway in orbit around the Moon, and lunar surface missions. GPS is a system made up of three parts: satellites, ground stations, and receivers. The ground stations monitor the satellites, and a receiver, like those found in a phone or car, is constantly listening for a signal from those satellites. The receiver calculates its distance from four or more satellites to pinpoint a location. Instead of navigating streets on Earth, a spacecraft equipped with an advanced GPS receiver may soon be paired with precise mapping data to help astronauts track their locations in the vast ocean of space between the shores of Earth and the Moon, or across the craterous lunar surface. Navigation services near the Moon have historically been provided by NASA's communications networks. The GPS network, which has more satellites and can better accommodate additional users, could help ease the load on NASA's networks, thereby freeing up that bandwidth for other data transmission. "What we're trying to do is use existing infrastructure for navigational purposes, instead of building new infrastructure around the Moon," said engineer and Principal Investigator Munther Hassouneh at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. NASA has been working to extend GPS-based navigation to high altitudes, above the orbit of the GPS satellites, for more than a decade and now believes its use at the Moon, which is about 250,000 miles from Earth, can be done. "We're using infrastructure that was built for surface navigation on Earth for applications beyond Earth," said Jason Mitchell, chief technologist for Goddard's Mission Engineering and Systems Analysis Division. "Its use for higher-altitude navigation has now been firmly established with the success of missions like Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). In fact, with MMS, we're already nearly half way to the Moon." The lunar GPS receiver is based on the Goddard-developed Navigator GPS, which engineers began developing in the early 2000s specifically for NASA's MMS mission, the first-ever mission to study how the Sun's and Earth's magnetic fields connect and disconnect. The goal was to build a spacecraft-based receiver and associated algorithms that could quickly acquire and track GPS radiowaves even in weak-signal areas. Navigator is now considered an enabling technology for MMS. Without Navigator GPS, the four identically equipped MMS spacecraft couldn't fly in their tight formation in an orbit that reaches as far as 115,000 miles from Earth's center - far above the GPS constellation and about halfway to the Moon. "NASA has been pushing high-altitude GPS technology for years," said Luke Winternitz, the MMS Navigator receiver system architect. "GPS around the Moon is the next frontier." Technology Enhancements Required Extending the use of GPS to the Moon will require some enhancements over MMS's onboard GPS system, including a high-gain antenna, an enhanced clock, and updated electronics. The team is addressing those challenges - thanks to Goddard's years-long investment in important enabling technologies, particularly in the area of miniaturization. "Goddard's IRAD (Internal Research and Development) program has positioned us to solve some of the problems associated with using GPS in and around the Moon," Mitchell said, adding that a smaller, more robust GPS receiver could also support the navigational needs of SmallSats, including a new SmallSat platform Goddard engineers are now developing. The team's current lunar GPS receiver concept is based on NavCube, a new capability developed from the merger of MMS's Navigator GPS and SpaceCube, a reconfigurable, very fast flight computer platform. The more powerful NavCube, developed with IRAD support, was recently launched to the International Space Station where it is expected to employ its enhanced ability to process GPS signals as part of a demonstration of X-ray communications in space. The GPS processing power of NavCube combined with a receiver for lunar distances should provide the capabilities needed to use GPS at the Moon. Earlier this year, the team simulated the performance of the lunar GPS receiver and found promising results. By the end of this year, the team plans to complete the lunar NavCube hardware prototype and explore options for a flight demonstration. "NASA and our partners are returning to the Moon for good," Mitchell said. "NASA will need navigation capabilities such as this for a sustainable presence at the Moon, and we're developing enabling technologies to make it happen."

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.6.29 Cyanide Compounds Discovered in Meteorites May Hold Clues to the Origin of Life by Cienna Madrid for Boise News Boise ID (SPX) Jun 28, 2019 原文：/reports/Cyanide_Compounds_Discovered_in_Meteorites_May_Hold_Clues_to_the_Origin_of_Life_999.html Meteorites long have been mysterious and awe inspiring for human beings, but research conducted at Boise State University illustrates a new source of fascination: researchers have discovered organometallic compounds containing both cyanide and carbon monoxide in select rocks from outer space, which may have been significant for the origin of life on Earth. Their findings have been published in the science journal Nature Communications. Cyanide is thought to be crucial for the origin of life, as it is involved in the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds like amino acids and nucleobases, which are the building blocks of proteins and nucleic acids used by all known forms of life. Smith, along with Boise State assistant professor Mike Callahan, developed new analytical methods to extract and measure ancient traces of cyanide in meteorites. "When we started this project, we wanted to see if there was any 'leftover' cyanide in meteorites that could be indicative of the synthesis of meteoritic amino acids or nucleobases," Callahan said. The duo devised a plan to extract cyanide from the rock and trap it. They began by heating up meteorite specimens in acid to create hydrogen cyanide - a gas - and trap it in a basic solution. They then used a method called chemical derivatization, along with techniques of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, to measure the amount of cyanide present in these solutions. They found that the meteorites containing cyanide belong to a classification called CM chondrite meteorites. Other types of meteorites tested, including a Martian meteorite, contained no cyanide. "Although CM chondrites are known to be an organic-rich group of meteorites, it's still surprising that we can detect cyanide in them since it is such a reactive molecule," Callahan said. The team also was surprised to discover what form of cyanide existed in meteorites. "At first, we thought it was cyanide in the form of a cyanide polymer but it's not," Smith said. Intriguingly, Smith and Callahan discovered cyanide binding with inorganic metals, including iron, to form a stable complex. They identified two different iron cyano-carbonyl complexes in meteorites using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their results suggest that these compounds also were present on early Earth, before life began, during a time period when Earth was constantly being bombarded by meteorites. "One of the most interesting observations from our study is that these iron cyano-carbonyl complexes resemble portions of the active sites of nickel-iron hydrogenases," Callahan said. Nickel-iron hydrogenases are enzymes that are responsible for hydrogen metabolism and are commonly found in bacteria and archaea. These enzymes are widely thought to be ancient in origin. "Nickel-iron hydrogenases are large proteins, but the active site - the region where chemical reactions take place - happens to be a much smaller organometallic compound contained within the protein. This catalytic site is unusual because you see an iron atom bound to carbon monoxide and cyanide ligands, however, this arrangement is always present in these enzymes," added Callahan. "While it's quite common to see a cyanide anion as an ancillary ligand in organometallic chemistry, it's rare to observe it coordinated to a metal ion in a biological system," commented Eric Brown, a professor of inorganic chemistry at Boise State who was not affiliated with this study. "When you compare the structure of these iron cyano-carbonyl complexes in meteorites to these active sites in hydrogenases, it makes you wonder if there was a link between the two," Smith added. "It's possible that iron cyano-carbonyl complexes may have been a precursor to these active sites and later incorporated into proteins billions of years ago. These complexes probably acted as sources of cyanide on early Earth as well." The research was funded by the NASA Emerging Worlds Program, NASA Astrobiology Institute, and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. The team included Smith, Callahan, and colleagues at Penn State University, University of Maryland and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.6.21 A Rover for Phobos and Deimos by Staff Writers Le Bourget, France (SPX) Jun 21, 2019 原文：/reports/A_Rover_for_Phobos_and_Deimos_999.html Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. These are the target of the Japanese Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission, which also involves international partners. Scheduled for launch in 2024. it will enter Mars orbit in 2025, and return samples to Earth in 2029. The spacecraft will carry a German-French rover that will land on either Phobos or Deimos and explore the surface in detail for several months. The scientists hope to gain new insights into the formation and evolution of the solar system. At the International Paris Air Show in Le Bourget, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR), the Japanese space agency JAXA and the French space agency CNES agreed to further collaborate on the world's first exploration of a minor solar system body with a rover. "The world-first exploration of the Martian moons with a rover is a major technical challenge that we are tackling within the framework of our strong and proven partnership with Japan and France," says Pascale Ehrenfreund, Chair of the DLR Executive Board. "Together, we want to push the boundaries of what is technically feasible in robotic exploration and expand our knowledge about the origin of the solar system." On 18 June 2019, Hansjorg Dittus, DLR Executive Board Member for Space Research and Technology, Walther Pelzer, the DLR Executive Board Member responsible for the Space Administration, and Hitoshi Kuninaka, Director General of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) at JAXA, signed a cooperation agreement outlining DLR's participation in the Japanese-led MMX mission. The contributions that the Franco-German rover will make to the mission are central to this agreement. In addition, DLR is making scientific findings about Deimos and Phobos available in preparation for the mission and is enabling tests to be conducted at DLR's Landing and Mobility Test Facility (LAMA) and in the drop tower at the Centre of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) in Bremen. On 19 June 2019, the Franco-German cooperation agreement for the development of the rover as part of the MMX mission was signed by Pascale Ehrenfreund, Hansjorg Dittus and CNES President Jean-Yves le Gall. The German-French rover will be designed and built as a joint effort. DLR will, in particular, be responsible for developing the rover's casing and its robotic locomotion system, together with a spectrometer and a radiometer that will both be used to determine the characteristics and composition of the surface. The French space agency CNES is making major contributions with camera systems for spatial orientation and exploration of the surface, as well as the rover's central service module. Upon landing, the rover will then be operated jointly by CNES and DLR. The MMX mission follows in the footsteps of the successful predecessor mission Hayabusa2, which explored the asteroid Ryugu. As part of the mission, on 3 October 2018, the Mobile Asteroid and Surface Scout (MASCOT) lander 'hopped' across the asteroid's surface and sent spectacular images of a landscape strewn with boulders, stones and almost no dust back to Earth. On that same day, JAXA, DLR and CNES signed a first memorandum of understanding for cooperation within the MMX mission.

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.6.20 标题：Sailing among the stars: how photons could revolutionize space flight By Ivan Couronne Washington (AFP) June 20, 2019 原文：/reports/Sailing_among_the_stars_how_photons_could_revolutionize_space_flight_999.html A few days from now, a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket will lift off from Florida, carrying a satellite the size of a loaf of bread with nothing to power it but a huge polyester "solar sail." It's been the stuff of scientists' dreams for decades but has only very recently become a reality. The idea might sounds crazy: propelling a craft through the vacuum of space with no engine, no fuel, and no solar panels, but instead harnessing the momentum of packets of light energy known as photons -- in this case from our Sun. The spacecraft to be launched on Monday, called LightSail 2, was developed by the Planetary Society, a US organization that promotes space exploration which was co-founded by the legendary astronomer Carl Sagan in 1980. But the idea itself has been around for a lot longer than that. "In the 1600s, Johannes Kepler talked about sailing among the stars," Bill Nye, the chief executive of the Planetary Society, told AFP. Kepler theorized that sails and ships "could be adapted to the heavenly breezes," and "it turns out, there really is. It's not just poetry," said Nye, who is known in the US as the "Science Guy" after the children's TV show which brought him national fame in the 1990s and who now hosts a Netflix program. And building a solar sail doesn't require cutting-edge tech as you might imagine. It's essentially a large square of very thin film (less than the width of a human hair), which is also ultra-light and reflective. It has an area of 32 square meters and is made from Mylar, a brand of polyester that has been on the market since the 1950s. As photons bounce off the sail, they transfer their momentum in the opposite direction to the bouncing light. "The bigger and shinier and lower mass the spacecraft, the more of a push it gets," explains Nye. The thrust provided by these photons is tiny -- but it's also unlimited. "Once you're in orbit, you never run out of fuel," he said. Japan's space agency launched a solar sail in 2010, dubbed Ikaros, but others haven't been able to fully test the concept. "It's a romantic idea whose time has finally come," said Nye. "We hope this technology catches on." - Unlimited energy - Its predecessor was LightSail 1, launched in 2015. But its mission, which lasted a few days, experienced problems and was intended only to test deployment of the sail. LightSail 2 cost $7 million, a relative pittance in space mission terms. It is envisaged to remain in orbit for a year, and represents a more definitive proof of concept. "We want to democratize space exploration," enthused Nye, who has invited universities and businesses to take up the technology. A few days after its launch from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, LightSail 2 will open its hinged solar arrays, then deploy the four triangular parts of its sail, which together form a giant square. For this demonstration, solar panels will provide power for the satellite's other functions such as photography and ground communications. As it orbits the Earth, it will begin to increase its altitude thanks to the pressure of solar radiation on the sail. So what do we see the technology being used for in the near future? For a start, it could facilitate deep space exploration. Though it starts off much slower than a spaceship powered by fuel, it will continue to accelerate permanently through space, eventually achieving breathtaking speeds. The other application would be in maintaining a probe at a stationary point in space, which would require corrections to be made infinitely. For example, a telescope that looks out for asteroids in the vicinity of Earth, or a satellite that needs to be fixed in a stationary orbit above the North Pole. "You'd need an enormous amount of rocket fuel to keep stationary for 10 years. It's just not practical," said Nye. Photons, on the other hand, are unlimited. As a bonus, said the scientist, "You'll be able to see it from the ground," with the naked eye. ico/AB/ybl/ia/it DASSAULT AVIATION

【转载】太空新闻日报2019.6.19 标题：Swedish Space Corporation to introduce a new service for easy access to space by Staff Writers Torggatan, Sweden (SPX) Jun 19, 2019 原文：/reports/Swedish_Space_Corporation_to_introduce_a_new_service_for_easy_access_to_space_999.html SSC is currently developing Esrange Space Center in northern Sweden with both new capabilities and services. A testbed for reusable rockets is currently being established, and SSC aims at launching small satellites in a couple of years. In addition, SSC is now introducing a new flight ticket service for suborbital space flights, accessible and affordable for both current and new types of customers. The new concept introduces both the opportunity to fly fractional payloads, ranging from only a few kg up to 800 kg, and a substantially more frequent flight schedule. The flight ticket service is carried out jointly between SSC and DLR MORABA within the EuroLaunch partnership. Swedish Space Corporation SSC has been launching more than 560 suborbital rockets from Esrange Space Center since the 1966. At Esrange, SSC also operates one of the world largest ground stations for satellite control and data reception. This legacy gives SSC a unique position in the European space community. For scientists and researchers using microgravity as a tool, the new flight ticket concept SubOrbital Express covers a complete set of services ranging from a flight ticket including launch, quick and safe land recovery to customized services such as design and development of experiment payload modules. "Suborbital Express combines our legacy with a new flight ticket concept. It aims for easy access to space and a maximum flexibility for the scientific community. You can fly alone in a single user mission or share the ride with others, depending on your specific needs. "But the service can also be used for other purposes; test and validation of flight and space systems or educational programs giving students a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Furthermore, we welcome non-traditional users of space to book a flight ticket, it might be for promotional purposes or simply that you want to send something to space," says Linda Lyckman, Head of Business and Technology Innovation. SSC is now integrating its earlier MASER microgravity program into the new SubOrbital Express concept. The first official SubOrbital Express (MASER 14) flight is right now being prepared for launch from Esrange, carrying four different microgravity experiments from three customers as well as small charity and promotional items.

谈一谈这次活动最伤的事情最伤的时候莫过于活动兑换大家换东西的时候最好是在这个界面进入活动兑换，换东西

【娱乐】晚间水一发容我前酝酿一下

回坑4个月，我还是决定弃坑了进不了游戏没截图

这个徽章是上哪找的？感觉错失了不少活动

塔楼卡住了该怎么办？强退算失败，不退又快到时间了

【Jalopy】莱卡方程式德国段420公里晴天赛录制

【Jalopy】莱卡方程式德国段350公里雨天赛录制

【Jalopy】莱卡方程式德国段210公里晴天赛录制

【Jalopy】莱卡方程式德国段280公里晴天赛录制

关于配置的那些事放肆镇楼

筒子们，有点疑惑求教昨天晚上账号被盗，今天早上申诉成功了。我立刻上号绑定之后，测试看下吃鸡是否能玩之前没怎么玩，今天匹配加载1分钟期间，老听到加群卖外挂的自动语音，神烦。但开局后就没声音了请问下这是被动过手脚了，还是正常情况？

关于There,and back again 此成就的单看步骤其实不难，就是从柏林出发，到达土耳其，再折返。全程不能点重新开始和回家 ----------玩家的条件---------- 玩家最好是买齐顶配部件（包括车顶储物架），资产（连同车内的货物）不少于500，再考虑解锁这个成就。这样跑的顺畅，而且有钱，一路任性而且要到这个程度的玩家，基本上路况也有了大概掌握。接下来考验的就是耐性 ----------其他要点---------- 要点1：为了稳当，最好连Esc都没点要点2：电脑要吃的消，跑一半闪退就尴尬了要点3：走全程局，城镇的宾馆、4S点、商店的位置是不变的。来的时候可以记下，返程的时候轻车熟路要点4：如果车翻了，点击车子的后车门，会触发踹车，能把车子踹正过来（主人公天生神力，三个引擎随便拿，踹车？小意思） ----------预备前的补给---------- 进入游戏，先点回家，在家里把油加满，把胎换上反复重新开始，直到油箱满状态，装备一个满油油桶和一瓶机油。轮胎全换，装备好4个胎最后退出游戏，重进 ----------开始---------- 路上还是尽量稳点，少撞车少撞护栏。相信各路老司机肯定能顺利开到土耳其，并且赚笔钱 ----------难点---------- 接下来就是难点。如果只是正常开车，大家坚持一下就行。但游戏在当前版本最大的难点是，bug 而且在返程期间表现的更加严重如果你发现路前面有铁栅栏挡路（没错，因为bug栅栏直接封死道路了），千万不要往前开，肯定撞不开即使栅栏在天上也别抱侥幸心理，一样会有堵空气墙挡住你撞不开栅栏把车撞停还是小事。我撞过一次，导致车前身压低，后轮悬在了半空中。下车反复开关引擎盖，将近15分钟才脱身到这里，大家应该有个大概的了解。这个成就就是在跟bug斗智斗勇，十分考验运气和耐心栅栏的bug出现点普遍在目标城镇前的隧道和溶洞里面如果是隧道，封死了道路，就立刻掉头走反向隧道如果是溶洞，基本上能把整条道封死。在进入溶洞应该是有岔路的，掉头走岔路如果进了城镇还有栅栏封路，带上钱包，下车，走到旅馆，反正车子已经进城，而且主角脚力真的不差，能上很多陡坡。第二天大不了多走几步路。睡一觉之后城内的bug基本能消掉如果bug真的彻底封死了你的路，卡死了你的车，那大侠只能重新来过不过尽量不要放弃，天无绝人之路，尽量开动脑筋，绕过bug ----------结尾---------- 穿过山河大海，穿过人山人海。宾馆房价从20涨到45，再从45回到20。依旧抵不过柏林郊外的家入梦了，成就闪起。这一回，不虚此行

先预备一下，也提醒大家一下我打算做倒数第二个成就的攻略倒数第二个，因果报应简单讲就是偷东西被报复，车里偷来的和你原来有的全部清空。后备箱塞了两坨垃圾和一个木牌子然而我偷了两天，都没有达成这个成就。游戏虽然老出bug，但也不至于如此频繁 --------简单的分割-------- 以下才是本贴重点：如果有强迫症想做全成就的，先做了这个成就，再玩收集！玩通一遍的同学都知道，一路返程（或者直接暂停点回家）回到柏林的家中，可以购买储物盒子，一套100，最多5套。可以买喜欢的配件、轮胎、货物用作收集偷东西以后，千万别立刻点回家，宁可找地方睡也别点如果点了，回了家，你的库存连同盒子全部清空，是全部我的两套顶配部件已经报销了，因果报应，而且还没解锁成就希望后来人引以为戒

最后两个成就怎么打？

孤魂野鬼天涯

新人报到，有点疑惑莱卡镇楼

水一个比较**的问题在幽邃教堂的帕奇那里买了洋葱套，然后手贱给卖了，现在葱哥还在井里，怎么补救？

有谁知道第三个图标是什么？最近才发现

steam上简直有毒一直被召唤，就是连不上

问一个游戏数据转移的问题最近打算换机子，P8转成另一个牌子的手机（还是安卓系统）。在华为平台注册的游戏号该怎么转移呢？

有大佬上传地图到创意工坊吗？我做的图，每次都说重名，改了好几次都不行

萌新求解看了两期，LR都是四星的，有人16合一吗？

新人求解：岛风go的月卡去哪买？ RT，官网的居然下架了。这是什么情况？

【转载】1.3万光年外黄超巨星似荷包蛋：直径大太阳千倍(图) 欧洲科学家近期使用望远镜拍摄到一类罕见天体迄今成像质量最好的图像。天文学家们甚至给它取了一个好玩的名字，叫做“荷包蛋”。科学探索　来源：新浪科技　　9月30日消息，之前有“小鸡快跑”星云，而这一次又来了一个“荷包蛋”。欧洲科学家近期使用望远镜拍摄到一类罕见天体迄今成像质量最好的图像。这类天体是宇宙中最为罕见的类型之一，天文学家们对于能拍摄到这样质量的照片兴奋不已，甚至给它取了一个好玩的名字，叫做“荷包蛋”。　　欧洲南方天文台设在智利帕拉那山的甚大望远镜(VLT)锁定了一颗巨型恒星，这是一颗黄超巨星。这颗恒星距离地球约1.3万光年，看上去似乎挺远，但事实上这是迄今我们发现的距离最近的一颗黄超巨星。　　这张被欧洲南方天文台的专家们戏称为“荷包蛋星云”的照片上显示的其实是一颗位于中央位置的黄超巨星，其正式编号是IRAS 17163-3907。它的周围围绕着一圈尘埃气体壳，让它远远地看上去就像是蛋黄和蛋白一般。　　这是一颗真正的“巨星”，它的直径比太阳大1000倍。事实上，如果将这个“荷包蛋”放到太阳系中太阳的位置上，地球将位于其内部深处。而木星的轨道则恰好位于其表面上空。　　但是这还没完：它的外侧拥有一个巨大的气体尘埃壳，这些外缘物质将把整个太阳系整个吞没，所有的8大行星，所有的柯伊伯带天体，所有的小行星和一部分彗星体，全部都将落入其范围。最后，根据甚大望远镜的观测数据，这个“荷包蛋”的亮度也要比太阳强上大约50万倍。因此我们如果在地球上没被吞没也会被烤焦。　　欧洲南方天文台的埃里克·拉加德克(Eric Lagadec)说：“我们之前便已经知道这一天体在红外波段很明亮，但是没有人在此之前辨认出这其实是一颗黄超巨星。” 拉加德克博士是进行这一次拍摄工作的小组负责人。　　此次对于黄超巨星IRAS 17163-3907进行的最新观测使用的是欧洲南方天文台甚大望远镜VISIR红外成像设备。这一图像的公布时间恰逢欧洲南方天文台官员发布所谓“小鸡快跑”星云最新照片过后一周。这张照片首次清晰分辨出了“荷包蛋”星云的物质外壳，图像中还可以分辨出两条几乎呈现完美球形的物质抛射外壳。　　黄超巨星是一类正处于极度活跃演化期间的恒星。这类恒星极其罕见，它们不断经历最剧烈的爆炸性物质抛射事件，最终在短短数百年时间内它将损失掉约相当于4倍太阳质量的物质。　　这些被抛射出去的物质会在恒星周遭形成巨大的双层尘埃与气体壳层。　　黄超巨星表现出的这种剧烈活动显示它最终可能将在剧烈的爆发中结束自己的生命，或许它就是我们银河系中发生的下一场超新星爆发事件的主角。超新星爆发将给周遭空间提供关键的化学物质材料，而爆炸产生的强大冲击波则会冲击并压缩周遭气体，从而加速新一代恒星的新生。

【转载】俄载人飞船11月为国际空间站“送粮”(图) 俄罗斯日前宣布，即将于2011年11月中旬发射“联盟”号载人飞船。这将是俄罗斯货运飞船在8月发射坠毁后，首次发射载人航天器。科学探索　来源：新京报国际空间站组件示意图今年7月，美宇航员在“亚特兰蒂斯”号航天飞机内用餐。　　俄罗斯日前宣布，即将于2011年11月中旬发射“联盟”号载人飞船。这将是俄罗斯货运飞船在8月发射坠毁后，首次发射载人航天器。　　俄飞船成“香饽饽” 　　俄罗斯宇航局发布声明称：“根据预定计划，发射‘联盟’号载人飞船的日期确定为今年11月12日或12月20日。”随后，俄罗斯媒体报道称，俄罗斯宇航局宣布11月14日是发射“联盟”号载人飞船的确切日期。　　“联盟”号载人飞船将为工作在外太空的国际空间站宇航员们提供必要的生活物资，其中包括太空食物和饮用水。由于美国的航天飞机在今年7月正式退出历史舞台，“联盟”号飞船现在成了世界上唯一能将宇航员送入国际空间站的运载工具。　　今年8月24日，搭载“进步M-12M”货运飞船的“联盟-U”运载火箭从哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔发射场点火升空，然而在升空325秒后，火箭第三级的动力设备发生故障，最终导致货运飞船坠毁在俄罗斯境内。　　至今，俄罗斯的太空飞行计划都处于停顿状态。媒体称，无论是载人航天器还是非载人航天器都被终止发射。俄航天部门一直在进行事故调查，希望能确保以后的太空计划不受此事的影响。　　观察人士指出，根据俄罗斯方面的安排，在11月载人飞船发射之前，该国宇航局计划将一艘非载人飞船送入太空轨道，预计将在10月30日实施这次发射任务，这将被看做是重新恢复发射的“测试”。如果此行顺利的话，其他国家也会恢复对俄罗斯载人航天飞行的信心。　　私营公司介入太空　　国际空间站的宇航员在太空生活有严格的限制，比如最多只能呆在空间站200天。在这个期限之前，他们会乘坐同样在太空轨道上的飞船返回地球。目前，能让他们返回地球的依然只有俄罗斯的“联盟”号系列飞船。由此，如果俄罗斯“联盟”号飞船不能很快恢复运行的话，宇航员之间就不能正常轮换，将严重影响国际空间站的运行，甚至会危及宇航员的身体健康。　　国际空间站现有6名宇航员，包括3名俄罗斯人、2名美国人和1名日本人。届时，俄罗斯载人飞船将接回其中的3名宇航员，进行轮换。　　俄罗斯宇航局还表示，他们将在12月20日发射第二艘载人航天器，第三艘载人航天器的发射日期也已敲定，预计为明年1月26日。　　今年11月，美国私营公司SpaceX将使用“猎鹰-9”火箭将第一艘商业性质的“龙”号太空舱发射升空，将执行第一次前往国际空间站的商业货运任务。　　▇ 揭秘之宇航员生活　　吃　　食物脱水微波加热　　太空食物主要是经过脱水、冷藏或热稳定处理的食物。宇航员通常从存储间拿取包装好的食物，利用微波或强力通风对流式烤箱加热食物，然后搁在盘子上开吃。一顿美食之后，宇航员会将用过的物品放到垃圾压实机中，随后清洁和存放餐具。　　2008年4月13日，韩国首名宇航员李素妍在空间站用韩国食品款待了俄美宇航员。她说：“速食面、泡菜和辣椒酱尤其受欢迎”。这些太空食物经高温杀菌和无菌包装，含有65%水分，由于呈黏稠状，食用时不会飞散。　　喝　　尿液可回收饮用　　空间站用水大部分来自于地球，其中一些水会循环使用，即针对尿液或洗澡水，利用蒸馏等方法回收来饮用。一般情况下，宇航员不会饮用这种水。他们爱喝的饮料，例如果汁、茶、咖啡和牛奶等等，通常是脱水的。俄罗斯宇航员的饮料袋是透明的，有一个可以往里加水的单向阀门，塑料袋的另一边有吸管。喝时，只需将塑料袋的一边用剪子剪开，打开加水阀，将塑料袋接到水龙头上，搅拌均匀后，随后打开另一头的吸管，即可饮用。　　拉　　装置特殊考验技术　　空间站设有专门的厕所，一般设在废物管理舱内。太空收尿器呈漏斗状，可通气流，可把排出的尿吸收进内部的收集袋里。收集袋天天更换。收集尿液时要将空气排出，唯有如此，小便才不会飘来飘去。　　宇航员必须经过专门的训练，才能准确地在太空中拉大便。太空收便器的中央孔直径仅有10厘米，航天员须将肛门对准中央孔。如果不对准，容易导致排泄物外溢，最终在舱内“飞来飞去”。完事后，宇航员要将收集袋密封好，搁在空间站内特定的地方，以便带回地面再处理。　　洗　　流行擦浴节省用水　　尽管空间站内有淋浴装置，然而宇航员只是使用浴巾或湿的小毛巾进行擦浴。这样可以减少水的消耗。宇航员的个人卫生套件包括牙刷、牙膏、洗发水、剃须刀和其他基本化妆用品。　　睡　　睡袋固定手臂约束　　空间站内没有床，而有固定于舱壁上的睡袋。宇航员需要滑入睡袋并拉上拉链，才能安然入眠。睡袋配有手臂约束器，防止宇航员睡觉时，手臂在头的上方浮动。　　练　　踏车防止肌肉萎缩　　身体长期处于失重状态，会出现肌肉萎缩和骨质疏松现象。为此，宇航员必须每天锻炼身体。空间站的服务舱内备有踏车和固定双轮车。宇航员须用皮带将自己绑在这些设备上，以便锻炼时不会飘走。在闲暇时间，宇航员阅读、玩电子游戏或给家人发电子邮件，这样的举动可以避免宇航员的性情变得暴躁。据了解，大多数宇航员最喜欢在闲暇时观察空间站窗外的地球。

【转载】暗物质证据：宇宙原始黑洞产生神秘震动波(图) 纽约大学的研究人员模拟了早期宇宙中出现的太初黑洞穿过恒星时所发生的表面涟漪现象，间接研究暗物质存在的证据。科学探索　来源：腾讯科技据国外媒体9月28日报道，纽约大学的研究人员通过模拟早期宇宙中太初黑洞在穿过一颗恒星时，所产生的各种时空效应，从而对暗物质的组成进行理论上的假设。图2中形象地显示了当一个太初黑洞在穿过一颗恒星核心区域的过程中，所产生的振动波的情形。不同的颜色的区域对应太初黑洞的密度分布以及其所产生振动效应的强弱程度。在银河系中大约存在着千亿颗恒星，如此大的样本前提下，科学家认为可观察到相当数量的该现象。相关的研究结果已经发表在本月初的《物理评论快报》期刊上。　　这项新的研究是通过观察发生于恒星表面的波状涟漪，来间接发现惊人难以捉摸的暗物质存在证据。根据参与该项研究的科学家称：当我们在实验模型中设定一个太初黑洞穿过一颗恒星的中央核结构时，其所产生的振动就可以反映出关于暗物质的信息。这些振动不仅携带了暗物质的信息，同时也会在恒星表面上发生涟漪效应，观察发生于恒星表面的异常活动正式本项研究的关键之处。暗物质对于宇宙学家而言，被认为是构成了宇宙中超过80%的物质，而且至今在天体物理学界从未直接探测到暗物质的存在。　　我们对暗物质进行研究，这个过程中所得出的任何结果都使我们对宇宙早期物质的了解产生深远的影响。在寻找暗物质的发现历程中，宇宙学家认为：我们目前所看到的宇宙，即能被人类通过各种手段观测到物质，比如星系、恒星、星团等等仅仅是宇宙中总物质含量的4%，其也被科学家称为“宇宙中正常的物质”，而剩下的即是所谓的“不正常亦或不寻常的物质”，这些奇怪的物质就是与宇宙暗能量和暗物质存在重大关系。　　虽然暗物质被认为是宇宙的主宰，在一定程度上说，其是统治着整个宇宙，我们所能看见的宇宙中的物质仅仅是沧海一粟。但是，探测暗物质并不是通过正常的观测手段，由于暗物质不与电磁力发生相互作用，所以用传统的电磁波天文观测无法发现其存在，只能间接地通过引力效应来推断其存在。研究人员认为：这项新的研究可以帮助科学家更好地了解暗物质到底是什么，我们已经知道其统治着宇宙，却还不知道它到底是什么。　　科学家通过模拟在早期宇宙中出现的太初黑洞穿过一颗恒星时，研究这个过程终究会发生什么情况。太初黑洞在宇宙学中被认为存在于大爆炸发生后密度较高的时期，也就是处于宇宙加速膨胀的早期阶段。我们目前知道，今天的宇宙诞生于137亿年之前的一次大爆炸。因此，暗物质是如何产生的，以及在宇宙演化过程中哪个阶段出现的，都是科学家需要了解的问题。参与本次实验的研究人员认为：对于实验中出现结果还有待于进一步的观察，这些奇怪的宇宙结构可能是暗物质的来源之一。　　由于太初黑洞比目前宇宙恐怖的黑洞要小很多，其体积甚至比原子核还要小，因此不会将整个恒星吞噬掉，自然也不会把光也掩没了。与此相反，由于太初黑洞体积太小，与恒星发生碰撞等接触时，会导致恒星表面上出现明显的振动现象。然而，暗物质与恒星发生接触是一种怎样的场景呢?美国纽约大学研究人员迈克尔科斯登(Michael Kesden)认为：你可以想象一个巨大的水球，然后尝试着将其戳出一个小洞，这时候里面流出的水形成的波状流动就类似于恒星表面出现的情况。迈克尔科斯登同时也是该研究论文的主要作者。　　通过观察恒星表面出现异常运动，我们就可以弄清楚在恒星内部正在发生着什么情况。同理，如果一个太初黑洞穿过一颗恒星中央核结构，我们就可以通过观察其表面的振动来了解恒星内部的相互作用。现在，对于本次研究的科学家而言，可能仅仅只是一个时间的问题。研究人员模拟一个太初黑洞具有多大体积，才可以使得其与恒星发生接触时造成恒星表面出现明显振动波纹。结果发现，当质量达到一个典型的小行星水平时，才可符合这个要求。如果仅仅是一个真正意义上的太初黑洞，科学家认为能够在一些离散分布的点上发现异常情况。　　研究人员迈克尔科斯登同时也指出：我们现在已经知道太初黑洞可以在恒星表面产生可检测到的振动现象，我们现在尝试着观察在比太阳更大的恒星上会出现何种情况。仅仅是银河系中的恒星就有一千亿颗的数量级，在这么大的基础样本前提下，如果我们知道银河系中哪儿会发生这类现象，每年估计可以看到一万个左右此类的事件。

【转载】太阳系或曾拥有第5颗气态行星：抛离成孤儿行星(图) 9月26日消息，美国科学家认为我们的太阳系可能一度拥有5颗气态行星。第5颗气态行星最后被“逐出”太阳系，成为“孤儿”。…[阅读全文] 崔氏梦工场　来源：新浪科技科学家认为人类所在的太阳系可能一度存在除土星、木星、天王星和海王星以外的第5颗气态行星木星照片。尼斯沃尼认为第5颗气态行星因无法逃脱木星的引力最后被抛离太阳系　　北京时间9月26日消息，美国科学家认为我们的太阳系可能一度拥有5颗气态行星。第5颗气态行星最后被“逐出”太阳系，成为“孤儿”。此项新研究由美国科罗拉多州西南研究学院的大卫-尼斯沃尼进行，利用不同的电脑模拟描绘40亿年前的太阳系面貌。　　根据他的研究发现，当时的太阳系行星并不处在当前的轨道，而是四处游走。经过一系列测试，尼斯沃尼发现如果没有这第5颗气态行星的存在，太阳系永远不会变成今天这个样子。从几个不同的起始位置运行涉及4颗气态行星——木星、土星、天王星和海王星——的电脑模拟，他得出了这一结论。根据他的研究发现，这4颗气态行星原本会相互摧毁对方，说明存在另一颗气态行星。　　即使采用气态行星可以幸存的设置，也无法模拟出现在的太阳系，因为火星、金星等多岩行星无法在采用这种设置情况下幸存。在引入第5颗气态行星之后，尼斯沃尼发现太阳系演变成当前状态的可能性大幅提高。最近发现的很多“流浪行星”支持了这一理论。　　尼斯沃尼说：“在假设最初的太阳系拥有5颗巨行星和1颗冰巨星之后——质量与天王星和海王星相当，而后被木星的引力抛入星际空间——我获得了最理想的统计数据。这种可能性似乎与最近在星际空间发现的大量自由飘动的行星相符合。这些发现说明行星被抛离所在系统的现象较为普遍。”这颗“孤儿行星”据信是一颗冰巨星，体积和构成与天王星和海王星类似。《科学美国人》报道称，尼斯沃尼认为这颗气态行星因无法逃脱木星的引力最后被抛离太阳系。

【转载】火星上的干冰坑（2011.9.26）　　部分火星表面正在融化中。在火星夏季行将结束的时候，温暖的气候使火星南极周围的部分二氧化碳冰晶帽蒸发了，原被覆盖的区域在二氧化碳干冰升华为气体后开始露出一些坑并逐渐扩大。这些披着冰层的坑看上去就象镶着黄金，但实际上，使坑壁突显出来的那些尘埃的精确成分目前还仍然未知。位于图片中央的那些圆形坑直径约60米。该图是由安装在环火星巡逻者上的高智能相机于七月底拍摄的。在未来数月中，随着火星继续沿轨道围绕太阳运行，寒冷季节即将来临，稀薄的大气温度也会降低到使干冰停止融化，并再一次结成更厚的固态二氧化碳覆盖层。 Dry Ice Pits on Mars Image Credit: HiRISE, MRO, LPL (U. Arizona), NASA Explanation: Part of Mars is defrosting. Around the South Pole of Mars, toward the end of every Martian summer, the warm weather causes a section of the vast carbon-dioxide ice cap to evaporate. Pits begin to appear and expand where the carbon dioxide dry ice sublimates directly into gas. These ice sheet pits may appear to be lined with gold, but the precise composition of the dust that highlights the pit walls actually remains unknown. The circular depressions toward the image center measure about 60 meters across. The HiRISE camera aboard the Mars-orbiting Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured theabove image in late July. In the next few months, as Mars continues its journey around the Sun, colder seasons will prevail, and the thin air will turn chilly enough not only to stop the defrosting but once again freeze out more layers of solid carbon dioxide.

【转载】美国宇航员开始水下练习准备访问小行星(图) 美国宇航局称，在大西洋进行潜水考察将为宇航员执行第一次前往小行星的人类任务提供必要的练习。一个由美国、日本和加拿大的宇航员组成的国际科研组打算于10月17日开始进行这项为期13天的水下探险活动。…[阅读全文] 崔氏梦工场　来源：新浪科技　　9月25日消息，美国宇航局称，在大西洋进行潜水考察将为宇航员执行第一次前往小行星的人类任务提供必要的练习。一个由美国、日本和加拿大的宇航员组成的国际科研组打算于10月17日开始进行这项为期13天的水下探险活动。　　该局在描述它的极端环境任务行动(NEEMO)时说：“小行星上的重力可以忽略不计，因此无法在一颗这样的天体上随意行走。”该计划将有助于宇航员在模拟小行星的环境下进行练习，他们把一艘潜艇当作“飞船”，把位于美国佛罗里达州近海的一个水下实验室当作“小行星”。到访小行星的想法面临很多后勤挑战，这是极端环境任务行动首先需要处理的问题。　　美国宇航局表示，由于缺少重力，宇航员需要投掷一系列锚，用来固定住他们。小行星的表面会与地球有很大区别，它们是由坚硬的岩石或尘埃组成，因此要想把锚固定住非常不容易。探险人员必须把这些锚连接成网，以便可以四处走动。极端环境任务行动计划项目经理比尔-托德说：“NEEMO 15任务需要在潜艇之间移动的复杂技巧，潜水人员必须能在他们的海底之家巧妙生活和工作。” 　　NEEMO 15的任务指令官是香浓-沃克，他是美国宇航局的一名宇航员，曾在国际空间站上工作过。机组成员包括日本宇宙航空研究开发机构的宇航员大西卓哉(Takuya Onishi)和加拿大航天局宇航员大卫-圣雅克。火星探测漫游者计划的负责人斯蒂文-斯奎尔斯也是该科研组的一名成员。另外，该组来自水瓶座海底实验室的专家有宇航员詹姆士-塔拉克和华盛顿北卡罗来纳大学的纳特-邦德尔。　　这所大学与国家海洋和大气管理局一起经营水瓶座海底实验室，它是全球唯一一座此类实验室。该实验室属国家海洋和大气管理局所有。这个海底前哨位于佛罗里达州基拉戈近海大约4.5公里处，该地从1993年开始为水下的科学家提供住所和生命支持系统。经验丰富的太空行走人员斯坦-拉维、理查德-阿诺德和迈克-格恩哈特均来自美国宇航局，他们都将搭乘潜艇“DeepWorker”号执行这项任务，该船将会作为深空飞船的水下替代品。　　整个科研组从5月开始工作，为开始第一项近地小行星练习任务——NEEMO 15做准备。2001年美国宇航局曾把宇航员送入位于水下19米处的水瓶座海底实验室，用来进行长达数周的太空探索练习任务。首项人类探索小行星任务有望在2025年展开。

【转载】曼加伊亚上空的银河（2011.9.24）　　在郁郁葱葱的海岛天堂“曼加伊亚”黑暗的夜空中，银河自人马座煜煜徜徉到船底座。上图是南半球居民所熟悉的场景，灿烂的夜空中，突起的银心在左上角，中间偏右一点是明亮的半人马座α和β星。曼加伊亚火山岛宽约10公里，位于库克群岛的最南端，据地质学家估计，其年龄约1800万年，是太平洋中最古老的岛屿。当然银河更加古老，以其最老的恒星年龄估算，银河的年龄应超过130亿年。 Mangaia*s Milky Way Image Credit & Copyright: Tun? Tezel (TWAN) Explanation: From Sagittarius to Carina, the Milky Way Galaxy shines in this dark night sky above planet Earth*s lush island paradise of Mangaia. Familiar to denizens of the southern hemisphere, the gorgeous skyscape includes the bulging galactic center at the upper left and bright stars Alpha and Beta Centauri just right of center. About 10 kilometers wide, volcanic Mangaia is the southern most of the Cook Islands. Geologist estimate that at 18 million years old it is the oldest island in the Pacific Ocean. Of course, the Milky Way is somewhat older, with the galaxy*s oldest stars estimated to be over 13 billion years old. (Editors note: This image holds the distinction of being selected as winner in the Royal Greenwich Observatory*s Astronomy Photographer of the Year competition in the Earth and Space category.)

【转载】超新星死亡释放出美丽“星胆”(图) 美国宇航局(NASA)新近公布了一张“星胆”图片，画面中的冲击波被英国《每日邮报》戏称为“像上世纪80年代电视游戏的截屏”。科学探索　来源：科技日报　　美国宇航局(NASA)新近公布了一张“星胆”图片，画面中的冲击波被英国《每日邮报》戏称为“像上世纪80年代电视游戏的截屏”。据《每日邮报》在线版9月8日报道，这张由哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的图片显示，超新星1987A爆炸时向太空释放出“星胆”冲击波，而且产生的光线照亮了其所环绕的犹如珍珠项链般的星际物质。该研究发表在最新一期的《科学》杂志上。　　超新星爆发事件就是一颗大质量恒星的“暴死”。这次的主角超新星编号1987A，位于大麦哲伦星云。爆发时间早在公元前161000年左右，但它发出的光直到1987年才抵达地球，被一位加拿大天文学家捕捉到。因为当时已400多年未曾有过用肉眼就能看到的超新星，并且还“居住”在离我们最近的邻居星系，便于观测研究，所以这成为20世纪最大的天体物理事件之一。　　哈勃望远镜在1990年升空后，曾被迫不及待的天文学家们立即用于观测超新星1987A，返回的资料帮助人们几乎改写了教科书上有关超新星的内容。现在，哈勃再次探访“老友”：由美国科罗拉多州大学太空天文和天体物理学中心副教授凯文·法郎士领导的小组对超新星1987A追踪观测，对恒星爆炸和星际物质之间的交互作用进行研究，结果得到的照片使他们看到被称为“星胆”的死亡恒星残骸，并测量到其周边宇宙环境发生交互时的速度和成分。　　而在超新星释放的冲击波的照亮下，天文学家发现其所环绕的星际物质具有奇特的结构，非常像一串珍珠项链，并可见30颗到40颗“珍珠”。它们应是垂死超大质量恒星在进入超新星状态爆炸前喷射出的宇宙物质，在交互作用下形成环绕着“恒星内脏”的持续发光环状结构。法郎士解释道：“这张照片让我们观测到超新星爆炸释放能量所改变的环境动力学和化学特性，并以最新数据理解超新星如何调控和影响星系进化。” 　　研究人员还指出，研究类似1987A的超新星非常重要，爆炸的恒星产生的碳、铁等重元素会形成新恒星和星系，甚至提供人体的重要原料，如人类血液之中的铁。截止到2007年的数据显示，1987A超新星抛出的放射性铁元素，质量已相当于2万颗地球。

【转载】德国报废卫星将撞击地球最大碎片是美卫星三倍重(图) 在美国“高层大气研究卫星”24日向地球坠落之际，专家发现，德国一颗报废卫星也将在10月末与地球“相遇”。这颗卫星残骸最大的碎片将有美国今日坠毁卫星最大碎片的3倍重，它造成地球人员伤亡及财产损失的机率是两千分之一。科学探索　来源：环球时报　　英国媒体9月24日报道称，在美国“高层大气研究卫星”24日向地球坠落之际，专家发现，德国一颗报废卫星也将在10月末与地球“相遇”。这颗卫星残骸最大的碎片将有美国今日坠毁卫星最大碎片的3倍重，它造成地球人员伤亡及财产损失的机率是两千分之一。　　英国每日电讯报9月24日报道称，这颗德国发射的“伦琴天文卫星”重2.4吨，在制导系统出故障后于1999年报废后，在太空无目标遨游了12年。最初，德国认为它将在重入大气后被完全烧毁，但现在它运行的轨道越来越接近地球。专家称，它的残骸最早将于今年10末撞击地球，最大碎片有400公斤，是美国今日坠毁卫星最大碎片的3倍重。　　据NASA的专家计算，伦琴天文卫星的坠毁引起人员伤亡或财产损失的机率是两千分之一，比这次美国的高层大气研究卫星高出近一倍。美国高层大气研究卫星的碎片一共是26块，而德国卫星则有30块。　　专家还警告说，伦琴天文卫星不会是最后一颗袭击地球的卫星，因为2012年人类密集的太空活动有可能损坏更多老化的航天器，使它们跌落地球。

【转载】美国宇航局公布一张正在形成中的洛克台风(图) 美国宇航局阿卡卫星(Aqua satellite)的中分辨率成像光谱仪于当地时间2011年9月20日下午1:45(世界协调时间4:45)拍下一张卫星照片，显示了正在形成中的洛克台风景象。…[阅读全文] 崔氏梦工场　来源：新浪科技　　9月22日消息，美国宇航局网站今日公布了一张卫星照片，显示了正在形成中的洛克台风景象。　　美国宇航局阿卡卫星(Aqua satellite)的中分辨率成像光谱仪于当地时间2011年9月20日下午1:45(世界协调时间4:45)拍下这幅照片。之后洛克台风迅速升级，预计将给日本部分地区带去强降雨，并可能引发泥石流和洪灾。　　2011年9月初，塔拉斯台风曾引发横穿日本纪伊半岛的泥石流和洪水，日本尚未从此次灾害中恢复，洛克台风可能再次给日本带来不受欢迎的降雨。因为雨量的增加将导致塔拉斯台风造成的泥坝后方水位上涨，洛克台风很可能再次引发泥石流和洪水。据《日本时报》报道，由于担心洛克台风引发境内两条河流涨洪，日本名古屋的官员命令该地区的8万居民撤离，并建议其他一百万余居民撤离。　　当阿卡卫星拍下这幅照片时，洛克台风正在变成一股强风暴。这股风暴面积巨大，形状良好，有清晰的台风眼。这张照片拍下一个小时之后，洛克台风已经升级为2级飓风，风速达到每小时176千米;七小时之后，这股风暴升级成4级飓风，风速达到每小时213千米。　　据日本气象厅报告，洛克台风以每小时35公里的速度朝东北方向的日本本州岛推进，预计将于9月21日登陆。洛克台风可能给日本部分地区带来500毫米(20英寸)的强降雨。

【转载】世界二十大罕见天文奇观 1、乞力马札罗山上的星光　　　2、黑极光的秘密　　3、不在星系里的恒星4、眼中的宽边帽星系　　　　5、加拿大育空地区的极光　　　　6、日落时的火箭烟痕　　　　7、流星与极光　　　　8、月出西雅图　　9、阿拉斯加上空的彗星与极光　　10、新月抱旧月　　　　11、一颗“垂死”的星体周围围绕着梯状结构的星云　　　　12、鹰嘴星云　　13、玫瑰星云　　14、马头星云　　15、马蹄星云　　　　16、蝴蝶星云　　　　` 　　17、云层帮助拍到有趣的日落时的日偏食　　18、“蟹状星云”是一颗1054年爆发的超新星的遗迹，距地球约6500光年　　19、NGC 3949距离我们约5000万光年远，是位于大熊座北斗七星方向上六或七颗松散的星系群成员之一，它也是星系群中最大的一颗星系。　　20、一个呈现猫眼状的星云，它的周围围绕着一层层同心圆状的外壳，就像一个洋葱从中间切开所看到的一样。　　

【转载】美国宇航局投资16亿美元实现商业“太空出租车”(图) 美国宇航局公布未来两年内耗资16亿美元购买新一代“太空出租车”，实现美国宇航员往返地球轨道。科学探索　来源：搜狐科学艺术家描绘的SpaceX公司“龙太空舱”艺术家描绘的无人“天鹅太空飞船”即将抵达国际空间站艺术家描绘的“梦猎人”航天器　　据美国太空网站9月19日报道，美国宇航局公布未来两年内耗资16亿美元购买新一代“太空出租车”，实现美国宇航员往返地球轨道。　　美国宇航局将投资商业太空运载宇航员，这是“航天综合设计合约”的一部分内容，计划两年内向商业公司投资16亿美元开发一个完整的太空运输系统，其中包括：火箭、太空飞船、发射系统、地面和任务探测操作中心，以及发射之后的航天器回收。　　美国宇航局局长查尔斯-博尔登称，这是美国太空探索史上具有重要意义的一步!它将进一步证据我们致力地贯彻执行我们的太空计划，它将外包我们的太空站运输系统，从而使美国宇航局更加聚集精力和资源用于深太空探索! 　　9月19日，美国宇航局公布了航天综合设计合约征询方案草案，并希望2012年7月至2014年4月之间对几家商业太空公司进行投资太空飞行。　　美国宇航局商业航天项目主管艾德-曼古说：“航天综合设计合约将为我们带来至关重要的航天飞行设计阶段，可将人类安全太空飞行安全要求和美国宇航局国际空间站任务完美地结合在一起。我们将借助美国商业公司强大的支持性。” 　　美国宇航局航天飞机历经三十年飞行现已退役，目前退役的航天飞机已陈列在博物馆，当前美国宇航局将依赖俄罗斯“联盟号”太空飞船实现宇航员在地球和国际空间站之间的运送。俄罗斯、欧洲和日本也提供了无人货运飞船运送太空物资至空间站的轨道实验室。但是美国宇航局需要自己的途径发送美国宇航员进入太空，新型“猎户多功能太空飞船”将计划实现深太空飞行任务，预计2017年将由美国宇航局新型巨大火箭——“太空发射系统”运载首次升空。　　为了填补当前太空飞行的空缺，美国宇航局将注意力转移至私人太空行业，目前已与不同的私人太空飞行公司签订了两个重大合约，来实现无人美国航天物资运送至国际空间站。一项合约是与美国加州SpaceX公司签订12次使用“龙太空舱”和“猎鹰9号”火箭实现太空飞行，共耗资16亿美元，目前SpaceX公司的“龙太空舱”已完全测试飞行，计划今年底实现处女航，将抵达国际空间站;另一项合约是与维吉尼亚州轨道科学公司签订的，该公司通过无人“天鹅太空飞船”和“金牛2号”火箭实现 8次太空货物运输任务，共耗资19亿美元，预计今年底将首次完成“金牛2号”火箭测试飞行，2012年2月份“天鹅太空飞船”将首次飞行至空间站。　　此外，美国宇航局还向四家商业太空公司提供资金来激励研制“私人太空出租车”，以此作为第二轮商业太空运输计划(CCDev2)。今年4月份，美国宇航局对SpaceX公司、波音公司、内华达山脉公司和蓝源公司共投资2.7亿美元，用于研发新型载人航天工具。

【转载】特殊星系 Arp 272（2011.9.22）　　在这张由哈勃历史数据构建的精彩宇宙图片中，最显著的是那两个大型碰撞星系连成一体的螺旋臂。在天文学家哈尔顿·阿普的特殊星系图谱中，它的编号是 Arp 272，其中，接近图中央的星系叫 NGC 6050，右上角是 IC 1179，位于大型螺旋星系 NGC 6050 左上角的第三个星系很可能也是这个相互作用星系的一员。这三个家伙都在武仙星系团中，距离我们足有4.5亿光年，以这个距离推算，图中的跨度约15万光年。虽然这个场景看上去很奇特，但星系碰撞及其最终合并的看法却已取得共识，Arp 272 所代表的只是该必然过程中某一个阶段。实际上，我们的邻居大型螺旋星系“仙女座星系”也正在向银河系逼近，在遥远的未来，自Arp 272中看过来的景像也将是两个星系的碰撞。 Arp 272 Credit: Hubble Legacy Archive, ESA, NASA; Processing - Martin Pugh Explanation: Linking spiral arms, two large colliding galaxies are featured in this remarkable cosmic portrait constructed using image data from theHubble Legacy Archive. Recorded in astronomer Halton Arp*s Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as Arp 272, the pair is otherwise known as NGC 6050 near center, and IC 1179 at upper right. A third galaxy, likely also a member of the interacting system, can be spotted above and left of larger spiral NGC 6050. They lie some 450 million light-years away in the Hercules Galaxy Cluster. At that estimated distance, the picture spans over 150 thousand light-years. Although this scenario does look peculiar, galaxy collisions and their eventual mergers are now understood to be common, with Arp 272 representing a stage in this inevitable process. In fact, the nearby large spiral Andromeda Galaxy is known to be approaching our own galaxy and Arp 272 may offer a glimpse of the far future collision between Andromeda and the Milky Way.

【转载】精美绝伦的2011年北极光图片（组图）精美绝伦的2011年北极光图片胡德良编译2011年9月9日，摄影师兼天象观察家Don Arsenault在加拿大亚伯达省北部拍下了这张照片：这张光彩夺目的北极光照片的主色调是一条弯弯曲曲的绿色光带。2011年9月6日，在强烈的地磁暴爆发期间，美国北达科他州大福克斯市的天象观察家兼摄影师Zach Williams按下快门，拍下了这张绝妙的北极光照片。大熊座的北斗七星在光彩夺目的背景中闪闪发光。Williams说：“我等待了一生的时间，想看到的就是这个！”2011年9月9日，摄影师兼天象观察家Don Arsenault拍下了加拿大亚伯达省北部上空的明亮的北极光。2011年8月5日，Bob Donner在明尼苏达州索米市拍下了这张极光照片。2011年9月9日，天象观察家Shauna Stanyer拍下了这张携带超高能量的极光照片。拍摄地点位于从加拿大英属哥伦比亚省乔治王子市驱车往北一个小时处。2011年9月10日，在北极光显现期间，摄影师兼天象观察家Don Arsenault拍下了这张精美的图片：一缕极光弧悬挂在平静的湖面上。2011年8月5日，在加拿大萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通市附近，摄影师兼天象观察家Colin Chatfield利用佳能40D相机和图丽10-17mm鱼眼镜头，拍下了这张令人拍案叫绝的极光图片。在图片的左下方可以看到一颗流星和阴森的蓝色调。2011年9月11日，宇航员Ron Garan从国际空间站拍下了这张难得一见的北极光照片。 2011年9月9日，在加拿大英属哥伦比亚省乔治王子市附近，天象观察家Dan Stanyer把相机架在路面上拍下了这张漂亮的极光照片。2011年8月5日，John Stetson在缅因州的塞巴各湖拍下了这张绝妙的极光照片。该图片是摄影家Scott Lowther在2011年8月在犹他州的撒彻（Thatcher）拍摄的。他说：“这些极光在犹他州用肉眼就可以看到，朝北望去，犹如发光的粉红色圆屋顶……但是我的相机（尼康D5000）可以描绘出极光的结构。” 2011年9月9日，Colin Chatfield在加拿大萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通市自家的后院里拍下了这张携带超高能量的极光快照。摄影师Robert Berdan说：“这是我所拍下的第一批照片中的一张，右边的云是朝着卡尔加里（加拿大西南部城市）袭来的一场暴风雨，橙色的光是云团反射出的卡尔加里的灯光。”密歇根州马凯特市的摄影家Greg Kretovic说：“看到极光从休伦湖水平线的尽头移动到头上，真是令人惊叹啊！”2011年8月5日，就在加拿大萨斯喀彻温省萨斯卡通市之外，摄影师兼天象观察家Colin Chatfield利用佳能40D相机和图丽10-17mm鱼眼镜头，拍下了这张令人拍案叫绝的极光图片。2011年8月，摄影师Agnieszka和Friedrich Deters在明尼苏达州的清水县拍下的照片。两位摄影师说：“该地区遭遇雷电交加的暴风雨，为了找到足够的晴朗天空，我们不得不向北穿行，以便去寻觅北极光。当我们第一次发现透过云层的北极光时，我们那激动的心情就直接写在脸上了！”2011年8月6日，摄影师Lance Taylor在加拿大亚伯达省埃德蒙顿市库金湖黑脚地区拍下的极光照片。2011年8月，摄影师Warren Justice在加拿大曼尼托巴省骑马山国家公园漩涡湖拍到的极光图片。他说：“由于总是阴云密布，天空发出光带有一种阴森的、幽灵般的色彩。”2011年8月5日，摄影师Ray Stinson在蒙大拿州冰川国家公园拍下了这张色彩斑斓的极光照片。2011年8月5日，摄影师Kamila Mazurkiewicz在波兰普拉维附近拍到了这张精美的极光照片。 2011年9月3日，加拿大魁北克省伊武吉维克的Sylvain Serre拍到了这张极光照片。他评论说：“整个夏季以来，北部村庄伊武吉维克（魁北克省的最高地点）第一次遇到晴朗天气。”2011年9月3日，阿拉斯加州费尔班克斯市的Brandon Lovett拍下了这张光彩夺目的极光照片。译自：美国《太空网》（13 September 2011, 02:50 PM ET）原著：space.com staff

【转载】一颗行星绕双日（图） Two Suns Set on Alien World by Govert Schilling 胡德良译 Astronomers have discovered the first planet that, like Luke Skywalker*s fictional home world in Star Wars, orbits two suns. The stars are a binary pair: They are about 1.5 and 4.5 times smaller than our own sun, and they orbit each other every 41 days, causing brightness dips that have been detected by the Kepler space telescope. Kepler also spied additional dips, produced when a Saturn-sized planet transits across the stars every 229 days. Both stars and planet orbit in the same plane, suggesting they formed together from a single spinning disk of gas and dust, researchers report today in Science. Until now, astronomers weren*t sure whether or not planets would be able to form around binary stars. In particular, they thought that when the stars were in an eccentric orbit, as is the case here, they would strongly perturb dust particles that might prevent their coalescence into larger bodies. Kepler was lucky to find the Tatooine planet: Because of our slowly changing view of the system, there will be no planetary transits visible between 2018 and 2042. 天文学家们发现了第一颗环绕两颗恒星的行星，如同《星球大战》中为卢克·天行者虚构的作为家园的星球一样。这两颗恒星是一对双星：它们大约比我们的太阳分别小1.5倍和4.5倍，每隔41天互相环绕一周，所引起的亮度变暗现象被开普勒太空望远镜探测到。开普勒望远镜还探测到其他的变暗现象：一颗土星大小的行星每隔229天在两颗恒星前面经过时产生的变暗现象。今天，研究人员在《科学》杂志上报道说，两颗恒星和该行星位于同一平面上，表明它们一起形成于同一个旋转的气体尘埃圆盘中。此前，天文学家们不能确定行星是否能够形成于双星周围。他们认为，特别是当恒星像该系统的情况一样处于奇怪的轨道上时，会大大地扰动尘埃粒子，阻碍尘埃粒子聚结成较大的天体。开普勒望远镜发现了这颗“塔图音”式的行星是幸运的：对于这个系统来说，我们的视野变更很慢，因此在2018年至2042年之间不看到行星凌日的现象。译自：美国《科学》杂志网站（15 September 2011, 2:00 PM）原著：Govert Schilling

【转载】有两颗太阳的行星“开普勒16b”（2011.9.20）　　“只要你驻留足够长时间，就能见到两颗太阳同时降落”，这句话也许是“开普勒16b”的世界中普遍流行的一句谚语，那是一个由开普勒太空望远镜最近才发现的行星世界，视频中显示的是来访飞船所看到的该世界面貌。虽然多恒星系统在宇宙中相当普遍，但这样的系统拥有一颗行星还是首次发现。由于我们地球同时处在两颗恒星及该行星的轨道面上，在不同时期所能看到的每个天体都会掩食其它天体，导致它们的光线强度有显著变化。对一颗太阳系之外的行星来说，频繁的掩食现象使我们测得了它最准确的质量和半径。一颗类似土星的行星却在金星的轨道上运行，这对双星系统来说实在是太近了，这个发现如此令人诧异，也肯定会成为下一步的研究热点。 Kepler-16b: A Planet with Two Suns Illustrated Video Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech, T. Pyle; Acknowledgement: djxatlanta Explanation: If you stay up long enough, you can watch both suns set. Such might be a common adage from beings floating in the atmosphere of Kepler 16b, a planet recently discovered by the space-based Kepler satellite. The above animated video shows how the planetary system might look to a visiting spaceship. Although multiple star systems are quite common, this is the first known to have a planet. Because our Earth is in the orbital plane of both stars and the planet, each body is seen to eclipse the others at different times, producing noticeable drop offs in the amount of light seen. The frequent eclipses have given Kepler 16b the most accurate mass and radius determination for a planet outside our Solar System. To find a planet like Saturn in an orbit like Venus-- so close to its binary star parents -- was a surprise and will surely become a focus of research.