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这几段话是什么意思? What is the historical origin of the Jewish Sabbath? /The Jewish Sabbath is presented in the Old Testament: /8 “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your animals, nor any foreigner residing in your towns. 11 For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. Exodus 20:8-11. /I would like to know about the historical origins of this practice. Is the practice of having a weekly day of rest and devotion original to Judaism, or can its origins be traced back to a prior non-Jewish source? 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 /I think we can have an answer based on the two comments by @MarkC.Wallace and @Spencer under the question, linking to The Mysterious Origins of the Sabbath on ReformJudaism.org, and Wikipedia article on the history of the week. /Let’s take a look at some passages of the first article: In ancient Babylonia, the Akkadian word shab/pattum corresponded tothe fifteenth day of the month as a day of quieting god’s heart. Thereare those who maintain that it comes from another Akkadian word,sebutum, meaning the seventh day… It is also not clear how the noun Shabbat was originally connected tothe verb shavat, meaning “to rest,” or if one was actually derivedfrom the other. /All ancient facts are more or less mysterious, but as expected there is a clear pre-Jewish Summerian-Akkadian (Mesopotamian) connection. /Looking at Wikipedia article: The earliest evidence of an astrological significance of a seven-dayperiod is connected to Gudea, the priest-king of Lagash in Summerduring the Gutian dynasty, who built a seven-room temple, which hededicated with a seven-day festival. In the flood story of theAssyro-Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, the storm lasts for seven days,the dove is sent out after seven days, and the Noah-like character ofUtnapishtim leaves the ark seven days after it reaches the firmground. Counting from the new moon, the Babylonians celebrated the 7th, 14th,21st and 28th as "holy-days", also called "evil days" (meaning"unsuitable" for prohibited activities). On these days, officials wereprohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to"make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day". Oneach of them, offerings were made to a different god and goddess. Ina frequently-quoted suggestion going back to the early 20thcentury,the Hebrew Sabbath is compared to the Sumerian sa-bat"mid-rest", a term for the full moon. The Sumerian term has beenreconstructed as rendered Sapattum or Sabattum in Babylonian... It ispossible that the Hebrew seven-day week is based on the Babyloniantradition, although going through certain adaptations. /As the question is whether a weekly day of rest and devotion is original to Judaism, or can its origins be traced back to a prior non-Jewish source, the answer is obvious. The seven-day cycle is an astronomical/astrological idea invented and developed by older civilizations of the Fertile Crescent that influenced the Canaan area (Summer, Akkad, Babilon). In that 7-day moon cycle, each 7th day was sacred, during which some actions were prohibited At least one in four of these sacred days was a day of rest The very name Sabbath can be traced back to Sumer But on this background Jewish/Biblical interpretations can be seen as innovative: The astrologically-centered moon-cyclic meaning is replaced in the Bible with a perspective centered on the monotheistic principle. Judaism promoted a moral discriminatory idea of the sacred itself: the sacred day ceases to be both “holy” and “evil”. /Some older Western historiography was inclined (especially in the protestant Anglo-Saxon world) to look for absolute originality of all things Jewish. Until recently there was even a “Biblical archaeology” trend of simply “proving” the Bible literally true by unearthing what the Bible described. The recent and more scientific approach on the matter is to ask how anything in the Middle East could or could not be related to the larger context created by the massive and important Sumerian and Egyptian cultures that preceded any others by millennia. On that background, looking for absolute innovations doesn’t make much sense, and any innovation can be related to some precedent, as a continuation and/or as a change. Most Jewish traditions are modifications (in some cases revolutionary reinterpretations) of previous elements. Taking into account their background is a prerequisite to understanding the true revolutionary changes involved by some of these innovations. @努力学好英文 我查了词典看了一天都没看懂。
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