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古埃及的人口数量 贴子写的很好,大家去看看.那个论坛很有氛围,可惜已经消亡了http://www.no1190.net/bbs/cgi-bin/topic.cgi?forum=21&topic=528&start=0&show=0&man=我以前看的一本书里好象是说,在前王朝时期,古埃及人口可能就已经接近一百万了。中王国到新王国时期,人口大约在300—700万左右。看了前面的讨论,想提几点。首先是军民比例的问题。什么1:4,1:5之类的比例完全是以中国春秋时期的比例为基础的,但这个比例并不具有普遍的实用性。1.以埃及而言,并不存在中国古代“战时,年15以上悉发”的情况。事实上从古王国开始,特别是在中王国以及新王国时期,埃及的人口并非全部由法老掌控。根据《哈里斯大纸草》中相关资料的记载,在20王朝时期,光底比斯一地的神庙就拥有86486的人口(包括农民和奴隶)。底比斯、希波奥波利斯和孟菲斯三地诸多神庙就拥有近11万的人口。而在埃及全国,各州各城都拥有专职的神庙。这样算下来,大量的人口其实被祭司占据,这些人的工作是以自己的劳动所得供奉神庙,所以他们并不直接参与军事行动。2.“全民皆兵”只有在小范围内才有实现的可能。举两个极端的例子。一个拥有1000人口的小村庄,当它与邻近村庄发生冲突时,很容易就能招集全部的壮丁(大约250人)去作战。而如果是一个拥有上百万人口的大国呢?一个疆域广阔的帝国,光是将从全国各地征集来的士兵结集起来恐怕就要耗费半个月,一来一回,再加上出征、作战,个把月总是要的。这个把月谁来负责生产?谁来负责后勤?谁来负责各地治安?谁来防守其他边境?所以特别是在早期生产力低下,交通手段又不发达的情况下,通常一个大国都会采用分封制。埃及的州,就相当于是诸侯。就象周人东征、伐楚动用的主要都是周族自身的战力一样,埃及法老在出征的时候应该也仅仅是调集了首都附近直辖的军力。所以以拉美西斯二世在卡叠石之战投入1—2万的兵力,就推算全埃及人口不到百万显然是错误的。3.大量的战俘和奴隶是不直接参与军事行动的。就象希波战争时的雅典,据可信的记载,当时雅典约拥有3万市民和30万的奴隶。但因为雅典人从来不让奴隶从军,所以当时尽管倾其所有,也不过才组建了万余人的部队。同样的,纯正的斯巴达人只占其全国人口的1/16,这个比例甚至不如雅典。所以斯巴达尽管拥有希腊最强的陆军,但基本上没有在哪次战斗中投入过上万的兵力。同样的情况在埃及也存在。其次,从埃及自身人口发展的角度来看。第4王朝时期,光修建一个胡夫金字塔就动用了10万的劳动力。而且事实上按规定每位农民每年只需服役3个月。粗略的计算,全国轻壮年劳动力就有40万之多,全国人口至少200万。这是在公元前2500年左右。而我们知道,埃及一直是比较稳定的,动乱的时期并不多。而在埃及又盛行早婚,女子12岁就生育一胎的大有人在。这样的话,人口应该会增长的很快才是。除去两个“中间期”300年的动乱时期不算,直到新王朝时期这一千年的时间里,人口翻两翻应该不是很夸张的事吧。第三,从外来人口的角度考虑。喜克索人、犹太人都进入过埃及,尽管最后他们都离开了埃及,但事实上应该有大量的人还是留了下来。另外,在18、19王朝时期,埃及大肆对外扩张,领土北至叙利亚,南至第四瀑布。在这个扩张的过程中,埃及获得了大量的战俘和奴隶,并部分的将其牵至国内。具体的数字我不太清楚,但我们知道,18王朝以前,普通的自由民是无法拥有奴隶的,此时的情况类似雅典。尽管伯里克利时期雅典的市民与奴隶在数量上大约是1:10,但只有不到25%的人可以拥有奴隶。而到19王朝时期的埃及,甚至连一个牧人都能拥有自己的奴隶。综上所述,我认为埃及“最兴盛时期”的人口肯定超过五百万。对比一下,现在埃及人口超过6500万,而可耕地面积不到全国总面积的3.5%。尽管现在的生产力不是几千年前可以比的,但尼罗河的存在缩小了这种生产力上的巨大差距。中国人口的增长更多的是因为新土地的开垦,而现在的埃及农业依旧主要集中于三角洲和尼罗河两岸,却可以承担6500万的人口,尼罗河对生产力的巨大贡献可见一斑。
一篇关于开罗停车问题的文章 usually get around Cairo driving my car. On one fortunate evening, I got the chance to sit in the back seat and stare at the rows of apartment buildings as we cruised at a mild speed down one of Nasr City’s streets. Each buidling ever so similar to its neighbors. Its original colors and design that were to differentiate it overwhelmed by the common color of the dust that has setteled over the years (or sometimes just months).One other commonality that caught my eyes were the shops that have settled themselves in each of the buildings on the first, and sometimes even second and third stories of the buildings. Grocery stores, national chains, restaurants, furniture stores, butcher shops, clinics, book stores, tailors,… you name it. Very few buidlings have been fortunate enough not to have become victims. Although many may argue that this is really part of what gives Cairo, or Egypt in general its character, I couldn’t help but think: It is already so crowded now that it is unbearable. One could literally spend hours trying to find a parking spot, while others just give up and park parallel to the already exisiting row (or rows) of parallel parked cars, leaving it to the doorman (bawab) or a self-proclaimed parking official (menady) to handle the mess. This ordeal can be a daily one if you happen to live above one of the more popular commercial venues, let alone the noises of people talking or shouting, the smells (if you live above a restaurant) and the lights.People also live under the mercy of how safely all of these businesses right under their feet operate from day to day. Remember the building that collapsed in Abbas El-Akkad street a while ago? A basement used as a warehouse for potentially explosive materials freaking exploded and brought the buidling down!What will happen 10 or 20 years from now when more and more people (and cars) inhabit Nasr City? I can’t even begin to imagine.I think a proactive solution to this problem is at hand. One thing I think may work is centralization. The government should build centers scattered around Cairo on the outskirts (or in the middle of Cairo if there is any room left and if there is a realistic plan to absorb all the demand for parking space). They should then provide realistic deadlines for stores to move to these new centers and rent them out. To make things easier on shop owners, the rent can be computed in a way so that the move to the center starts out low risk. The centers will be designed in a way so that people go there for the "full experience" … just like a shopping mall. As a store, you win because the number of people passing by your storefront (that actually are potential buyers) will be a lot more per day. The center or mall would group stores in a way that can maximize their exposure and potential sales. For example, group the tailors, shoe stores and apparel stores together. The furniture, lighting, home decor, rugs…etc together. The grocery stores, go with the dairy shops, herbs & spice shops,…etc.All the space left behind by these stores is the desparately needed parking space. This frees up the streets and makes them wider thus improving traffic flow, separates the shoppers from the homeowners and so on. People can go home, relax and leave the hustle and bustle to the new shopping centers far away.I am not saying this is the ultimate solution. Just a very brief thought that came to my mind while cruising along Nasr City in the backseat.
女排世锦赛预选赛,非洲队伍有肯尼亚,埃及和喀麦隆. 06年女排世锦赛预选赛将在20天后确定最终24队参赛名单.古巴,巴西以及美国等强队将在各自的分组中为了自己的参赛权全力以赴.   随着昨天中国女排和中国台北队顺利提前拿到06年世界女排锦标赛的入场券后,目前已经获得决赛阶段比赛资格的13支球队.除中国和中国台北外,其余11支队伍分别为东道主日本,亚洲劲旅韩国队以 及哈萨克斯坦,欧洲有上届世锦赛冠军意大利队,德国,俄罗斯,阿塞拜疆, 塞尔维亚和黑山.非洲队伍有肯尼亚,埃及和喀麦隆.加上正在土耳其进行的另外一组比赛中,荷兰和土耳其队也提前获得参赛权,这样,这15支球队就已经率先"入席"   目前还有9个参赛名额,将在随后的20天里一一揭晓.在8月13至19日波多黎各站的比赛中,美国,加拿大,墨西哥,巴巴多斯等女排将为一张直接晋级的入场券展开厮杀,如果不出意外,美国女排应该成为这张入场券的主人.   在8月19日至21日的比赛中,波兰,保加利亚等队将会为欧洲最后一场入场券作最后的努力.波兰队毕竟实力高出一筹,进军希望非常乐观.   在8月24至28的多米尼加站的比赛中,古巴以及多米尼加实力占优,不出意外将包揽这两张入场券.   在其余的比赛中,实力相对而言较强的加拿大,波多黎各,哥斯达黎加队将很有可能晋级.而在南美洲的预选里,巴西和阿根廷实力突出,晋级应该不成问题.   所有世锦赛女排预选赛将于8月28日结束的多米尼加站的比赛后落幕.届时24支女排队伍将在不久进行分组抽签.抽签的形式将间接决定她们在日本的"旅程".
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