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给一代一些有营养的东西[论感觉] 关于人类的思想,我首先要个别地加以研究,然后再根据其序列或其相互依存关系加以研究。个别的来说:每一思想都是我们身外物体的某一种性质或另一种偶性的表象或现象。这种身外物体通称为对象,它对人类身体的眼、耳和其他部分发生作用;由于作用各有不同,所以产生的现象也各自相异。   所有这些现象的根源都是我们所谓的感觉;(因为人类心里的概念没有一种不是首先全部或部分地对感觉器官发生作用时产生的。)器官余部分则都是从这根源中派生出来的。  认识感觉的自然原因,对目前的讨论说来并不十分必要,我在其他地方已经著文详加讨论。但为了使我目前的方法每一部分都得到充实起见,在这里还要把这问题简短地提一提。  感觉的原因就是对每一专司感觉的器官施加压力的外界物体或对象。其方式有些是直接的,比如在味觉和触觉等方面便是这样;要不然便是间接的,比如在视觉、听觉和嗅觉等方面便是这样。这种压力通过人身的神经以及其他经络和薄膜的中介作用,继续内传而抵于大脑和心脏,并在这里引起抗力,反压力或心脏自我表达的倾向,这种倾向由于是外向的,所以看来便好象是外在之物。这一假象或幻象就是人们所谓的感觉。对眼睛说来这就是光或成为形状的颜色,对耳朵说来这就是声音,对鼻子说来这就是气味,对舌和腭说来这就是滋味。对于身体的其他部分说来就是冷、热、软、硬和其他各种通过知觉来辩别的性质。一切所谓可感知的性质都存在于造成他们的对象之中,它们不过是对象借以对我们的感官施加不同压力的许多种各自不同的物质运动。在被施加压力的人体中,它们也不是别的,而只是各种不同的运动;  (因为运动只能产生运动。)但在我们看来,它们的表象却都是幻象,无论在醒的时候和在梦中都是一样。正好象压、揉或打击眼睛时就会使我们幻觉看到一种亮光、压耳部就会产生鸣声一样,我们所看到或听到的物体通过它们邢种虽不可见却很强大的作用,也会产生同样的结果。因为这些颜色和声音如果存在于造成它们的物体或对象之中,它们就不可能象我们通过镜子或者在回声中通过反射那样和原物分离;在这种情形下我们知道自己所见到的东西是在一个地方,其表象却在另一个地方。真正的对象本身虽然在一定的距离之外,但它们似乎具有在我们身上所产生的幻象,不过无论如何,对象始终是一个东西,而映象或幻象则是另一个东西。因此,在一切情形下,感觉都只是原始的幻象;正如我在前面所说的,它们是由压力造成的,也就是由外界物体对我们的眼、耳以及其他专属于这方面的器官发生的运动所造成的。  但基督教世界各大学哲学学派,却根据亚理士多德的某些文句,传授着另一种学说。他们说,视觉的原因是所见的物体向各方散发出一种可见素,用英文说便是散发出可见的形状、幻象、相或被视见的存在;眼睛接受这一切就是视见。  至于听觉的原因,则是被听见的东西散发出一种可闻素,也就是一种可闻的相或被感知的可闻存在;它进入耳朵就造成听觉。不仅如此,他们还说,理解的原因也是被理解的东西散发出一种可理解素,也就是一种被感知的可理解存在;它进入悟性中就使我们发生理解。我之所以说这一切,不是为了否定大学的用处,而是因为往后我要谈到它们在共和国中的作用,所以就必须顺便一有机会就让大家看到,他们当中有哪些事情要加以纠正,经常出现无意义的说法就是其中之一。
秋天的怀念[极度伤感] 作者:史铁生      双腿瘫痪后,我的脾气变的暴怒无常。望着望着天上北归的雁阵,我会突然把面前的玻璃砸碎;听着听着李谷一甜美的歌声,我会猛地把手边的东西摔向四周的墙壁。这时,母亲就悄悄地躲出去,在我看不见的地方偷偷地听着我是动静。当一切恢复沉寂,她又悄悄地进来,眼边红红的,看着我。“听说北海的花儿都开了,我推着你去走走。”她总是这么说。母亲喜欢花,可自从我的腿瘫痪后,她侍弄的那些花都死了。“不,我不去!”我狠命的捶打这两条可恨的腿,喊着:“我可活什么劲!”母亲扑过来抓住我的手,忍住哭声说:“咱娘俩在一块,好好儿活,好好儿活……”      可我却一直都不知道,她的病已经到了那步田地。后来妹妹告诉我,她经常肝疼得整宿翻来覆去的睡不了觉。      那天我又独自坐在屋里,看着窗外的树叶“刷刷啦啦”的飘落。母亲进来了,挡在窗前:“北海的菊花开了,我推你去看看吧。”她憔悴的脸上显出央求般的神色。“什么时候?”“你要是愿意,就明天?”她说。我的回答已经让她喜出望外了,。“好吧,就明天。”我说。她高兴的一会儿坐下,一会站起来:“那就赶紧准备准备。”“唉呀,烦不烦?几步路,有什么好准备的!”她也笑了,坐在我的身边,絮絮叨叨地说着:“看完菊花,咱们去‘仿膳’,你小时候最爱吃那儿的豌豆黄儿。还记得那回我带你去北海吗?你偏说那杨树花是毛毛虫,跑着,一脚踩扁一个……”她忽然不说了。对于“跑”和“踩”一类的字眼她比我还敏感。她又悄悄地出去了。      她出去了,就再也没回来。      邻居把她抬上车时,她还在大口大口地吐着鲜血。我没想到她已经病成那样。看着三轮车远去,也决没有想到那竟是永远的诀别。      邻居的小伙子背着我去看她的时候,她正艰难地呼吸着,像她艰难的一生。别人告诉我,她昏迷前的最后一句话是:“我那个有病的儿子和我那个还未成年的女儿……”      又是秋天,妹妹推着我去北海看了菊花。黄色的花淡雅,白色的花高洁,紫红色的花热烈而深沉,活泼洒洒,秋风中正开得烂漫。我懂得母亲没有说完的话,妹妹也懂。我俩在一块儿,好好儿活……
I Hate kids[哈哈哈!] Kids are loud, stupid, annoying, ugly, and they smell like dog shit. They're always running around giggling and spilling punch everywhere. They waste their time playing shitty games like Football and kick the can. Always eating candy and teasing the kids without any. Those little shits. Kids aren't even real people; that's why kids pay less to go to movies. They pay less because they're worth less. No, not worth less, just worthless. I saw a kid on a Tylenol commercial once. I hated her. She was dressed up in a pink ballerina outfit and squirming around in front of her dad, trying to get him to watch her. The dad obviously had a long day at work, and was exhausted from working his ass off to feed his spoiled little daughter, but she persisted to dance around and get his attention. Shut up you little bitch, he's trying to sleep. But no.. she continues to dance. Then the announcer whispers "Don't worry little one, daddy's going to be okay" and then he takes some Tylenol to muster up enough strength to watch the little shit dance. Makes me want to puke. If I were the father, I'd scream and go into a rage for the slightest interruption. I didn't go to work for 8 hours just to come home and get bothered by my daughter's shitty dance. I'd say "You suck. Your dancing is horrible, I hope you break your legs. You're never going to be a dancer. Go sit in the corner and play with your dirt." And dirt is too much for her to play with. I'd give my kids rusty nails and battery acid. If they don't like it, they'll have to sell drugs to buy new toys, and that's after I take out my share of their profit to buy alcohol with it. Spoiled little brats. Why don't they go work for a change? Or are they too good to make an honest living? I've heard all the bullshit excuses like "I'm not tall enough to work at a construction site.." or "I'm only a kid." Oh.. it's breaking my heart. Tough shit. Go to work. These little brats have gone too far these days. It's time to kick some ass and to bring down the law on these delinquents. New rules: No more laughing. Kids aren't people and don't deserve to laugh. No more singing. No more music. Nobody wants to hear a shitty little kid try to sing or listen to music. They don't know what's good, and they might start listening to the Wall Flowers or Live. No more running, jumping, dancing, or fun. Kids don't deserve to have fun. They have to earn the air they breathe. Penalty for graffiti: Death. No more of this correctional center bullshit. Penalty for disobedience: Castration. Disobedient children don't deserve to procreate. Penalty for experimentation with drugs or sex: Castration and then Death. We want to send them a strong message about this one. Penalty for ditching school: Hmm.. I'm going with Death on this one, just to be safe. Penalty for being outside beyond curfew: No penalty. Any children outside beyond their curfew will fall victim to rabid dogs and vampires. That should do it for now. With these rules, we shouldn't have any more problems with kids falling out of line. With total supervision, they can't screw up. And if they do, they will be shot. It's simple, and effective. Positive reinforcement in a child's life only leads to communism. Lets prevent it from ever happening again.
仰卧起坐的正确做法 仰卧起坐的正确做法 仰卧起坐是体能锻炼的一个重要环节,有些人甚至误解了它有助于减除腹部的脂肪。 仰卧起坐的主要作用是增强腹部肌肉的力量。做得正确的话,仰卧起坐既可增进腹部肌肉的弹性,同时亦可以收到保护背部和改善体态的效果。反过来说,如果进行不当,仰卧起坐不但是浪费时间,甚至是有害无益。 根据有关资料,仰卧起坐的正确做法如下:身体仰卧于地垫上,膝部屈曲成90度左右,脚部平放在地上。切勿把脚部固定(例如由同伴用手按着脚踝),否则大腿和髋部的屈肌便会加入工作,从而降低了腹部肌肉的工作量。再者,直腿的仰卧起坐会加重了背部的负担,容易对背部造成损害。根据本身腹肌的力量而决定双手安放的位置,因为双手越是靠近头部,进行仰卧起坐时便会越感吃力。初学者可以把手靠于身体两侧,当适应了或体能改善后,便可以把手交叉贴于胸前。最后,亦可以尝试把手交叉放于头后面,但每只手应放在身体另一侧的肩膀上。千万不要把双手的手指交叉放于头后面,以免用力时拉伤颈部的肌肉,而且这亦会降低腹部肌肉的工作量。 进行时宜采用较缓慢的速度,就如慢动作回放一般。当腹肌把身体向上拉起时,应该呼气,这样可确保处于腹部较深层的肌肉都同时参与工作。 把身体升起离地10至20厘米后,应收紧腹部肌肉并稍作停顿,然后慢慢把身体下降回原位。当背部着地的时候,便可以开始下一个循环的动作。在仰卧起坐的过程中,腹部肌肉其实只在起初的阶段参与工作,之后便会改由髋部的屈肌执行任务。同样道理,在仰卧起坐的最后阶段转动身体(右手手肘接触左膝,左手手肘接触右膝等动作),不但对增强腹部肌肉力量无多大的帮助,甚至会令背部下方因为转动带来的压迫而导致创伤。 初学者要避免一次做过多次数的仰卧起坐,最初进行时可以尝试先做5次,然后每次练习加一次,直至达到15次左右,这时便可尝试多做一组,直至到达3组为止。
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