亚历山大·洪堡
亚历山大·洪堡
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希腊教父文集 Patrologiae Cursus Completu希腊教父文集(亦称希腊语系列文集)是一部由米恩(Jacques-Paul Migne) 于19世纪末陆续编辑,汇集了大量哲学、神学及文学著作的珍贵的文集。 其主要内容分为两部分:拉丁教父文集(拉丁文丛书)与 希腊教父文集(希腊-拉丁文对照丛书)
Walafrid Strabo Walafrid, alternatively spelt Walahfrid, surnamed Strabo (or Strabus, i.e. "squint-eyed") (c. 808 – August 18, 849), was a Frankish monk and theological writer. Walafrid Strabo's works are theological, historical and poetical. Johannes Trithemius, Abbot of Sponheim (1462-1516), credited him with the authorship of the Glossa Ordinaria or Ordinary Gloss on the Bible: the Gloss dates, in fact, from the twelfth century, but Trithemius' erroneous ascription remained current well into the twentieth century. See Karlfried Froehlich, "The Printed Gloss," in Biblia Latina cum Glossa Ordinaria, Facsimile Reprint of the Editio Princeps Adolph Rusch of Strassburg 1480/81, intro. Karlfried Froehlich and Margaret T. Gibson (Brepols: Turnhout, 1992). There is an exposition of the first twenty psalms (published by Fez in Anecdota nova, iv.) and an epitome of Hrabanus Maurus's commentary on Leviticus. An Expositio quatuor Evangeliorum is also ascribed to Walafrid. Of singular interest also is his De exordiis et incrementis rerum ecclesiasticarum, written between 840 and 842 and dedicated to Regenbert the librarian. It deals in 32 chapters with ecclesiastical usages, churches, altars, prayers, bells, pictures, baptism and the Holy Communion. Incidentally he introduces into his explanations the current German expressions for the things he is treating of, with the apology that Solomon had set him the example by keeping monkeys as well as peacocks at his court. Of special interest is the fact that Walafrid, in his exposition of the Mass, shows no trace of any belief in the doctrine of transubstantiation as taught by his famous contemporary Radbertus; according to him, Christ gave to his disciples the sacraments of his Body and Blood in the substance of bread and wine, and taught them to celebrate them as a memorial of his Passion.
《论三位一体》 《论三位一体》是奥古斯丁最重要的神哲学著作之一,作者从基督教神学的观点出发,吸收了新柏拉图哲学的思想形成神学哲学,认为在神的启示下哲学真理具有直接意识的权威。该书从上帝三位一体自身的角度来讲神人关系,认为圣父、圣子、圣灵不可分割,同为一个实体。其中后八卷关于“人是三位一体的形象”的心智结构的讨论,无论是在西方神学史上,还是在哲学史上,都占有极为重要的地位。当代西方的许多的哲学史家,都从这后八卷里找到了笛卡尔及整个近现代哲学的“奥古斯丁来源”。在本著作中,作者论述人类灵魂实体通过内省获得的事实,认为自我的感觉情绪是实在存在,不容怀疑的,认为记忆、理智(理解)和意志三者是灵魂的主要官能,其中意志的作用最重要。这三者是一种活动,从一个心灵所由出,它们在经验上形成统一体。但是三者又是各自独立活动的。这就是后来中世纪广为流传的神学官能心理学思想。 该书作者的思想,不仅为以后的经院哲学家托马斯•阿奎那继承发展,提出了“二重真理说”,而且为十七世纪法国笛卡儿进一步发展,提出心物二元论。作者的内省概念也成为以后内省主义的先驱思想。该书对于研究中世纪以及近代西方哲学的宗教背景提供了第一手的资料。
瞳术(cast by the eyes) 16.瞳术,相传在爱尔兰有一类女巫能够通过注视施法,而她们也被称为“蛇眼女巫”( basilisk witches)或“啮噬之眼”( eye-biting witches)。
加拉太书 3.1 无知的加拉太人哪,耶稣基督钉十字架,已经活画在你们眼前,谁又迷惑了你们呢?
梭罗亚斯德 拜火教(Zoroastrianism或Mazdaism)的创始人,拜火教祭司“Magus”是古代的魔法师,占星家,其复数magi可视为魔法师(magician)一词的来源。即使是希腊时期,琐罗亚斯德的名字是代表神秘的东方智慧。在希腊化时期,很多深奥和不可思议的文本都以他的名字写出来(尽管那些文献与真实的扎拉图斯特拉无关),琐罗亚斯德被认为是最伟大的魔法师之一。实际上,琐罗亚斯德也被很多人称为魔法的发明人。
Cham “Cham.” “A.V.” Ham. Lenglet du Fresnoy in his “History of the Hemetic Philosophy” repeats an old tradition: “Most alchemists pretended that Cham, or Chem, the son of Noe, was an adept in the art, and thought it highly probable that the words ‘Chemistry’ and ‘Alchemy’ are both derived from his name.” Lactantius, “De Origine Erroris,” II, says of the descendants of Cham: “Omnium primi qui Aegyptum occupauerunt; caelestia suspicere, atque adorare coeperunt.” “Réalité de la Magie et des Apparitions,” Paris, 1819 (pp. xii-xiii), has: “Le monde, purgé par le déluge, fut repeuplé par les trois fils de Noé. Sem et Japhet imitèrent la vertu de leur père, et furent justes comme lui. Cham, au contraire, donna entrée au démon dans son coeur, remit au jour l’art exécrable de la magie, en composa les règles, et en instruisit son fils Misraim. “Cent trente ans après le déluge, Sem habitait la Perse. Ses enfans pratiguaient la religion naturelle, que Dieu mit dans le coeur du premier homme; et leurs vieillards se nommaient mages, qui veit dire “sages” en notre langue. Dans la suite, les descendans de Cham se partagèrent, et quielques-uns passèrent en Perse; Cham, qui vivait encore, était à leur tête. Il opéra tant de Zoroastre, c’est-à-dire, ‘astre vivant’; et transportèrent à ceux de sa secte le nom honorable de “mages,” que les adorateurs du vrai Dieu abandonnèrent, dès qui’ils le virent ainsi profané: et c’est de là que nous est venu le nom de ‘magie,’ pour signifier le culte du démon. “Cham, ou Zoroastre, fut encore l’inventeur de l’astrologie judiciaire; il regarda les astres comme autant de dininités, et persuada aux hommes que tout leur destin dépendait de leurs bonnes ou mauvaises influences. Ainsi l’on commença à leur rendre un culte religieux, qui fut l’origine de l’idolâtrie. La Chaldée fut le premier théâtre de ces égaremens; et alors, ‘Chaldéen, astrologue et magicien’ étaient trius mots synonymes.”
博韦的樊尚 “Vincent.” Little is known of the personal history of this celebrated encyclopaedist. The years of his birth and death are uncertain, but the dates most frequently assigned are 1190 and 1264 respectively. It is thought that he joined the Dominicans in Paris shortly after 1218, and that he passed practically his whole life in his monastery in Beauvais, where he occupied himself incessantly upon his enormous work, the general title of which is “Speculum Maius,” containing 80 books, divided into 9885 chapters. The third part, “Speculum Historiale,” in 31 books and 3793 chapters, bring the History of the World down to A.D. 1250.
上帝之城 《上帝之城》(拉丁文:De Civitate Dei)为希坡的奥古斯丁所著。当时罗马城已被哥德蛮族攻破。人们把罗马帝国的衰退归咎於基督徒之离弃传统多神宗教。奥古斯丁觉得有必要著书回应此攻击,於是提笔写作此书,时当公元413年。 奥古斯丁在书中说明,罗马的衰退是肇因於道德的衰退;基督教不但不是罗马衰退的原因,反而有助於道德的提升。但基督徒所归属的不是罗马帝国或任何地上之城,而是上帝之城。地上之城与上帝之城最根本的差别在於,前者人民的共通点在於对自己的爱,后者则是结合於对上帝的爱和因此而生的对彼此的爱。在对比这两个城从起源到结局的过程中,他对人类的群体生活有深入的讨论,也建构了基督教的历史观。 本书共分二十二章。第一部份一至十章主要在驳斥对基督教不实的攻击,第二部份十一至二十二章则说明地上城和上帝城的不同起源、进展和结局。 Lucan:卢坎(Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, 39年-65年);是罗马诗人。他最著名的著作是史诗《法沙利亚》(Pharsalia),描述凯撒与庞培之间的内战。这部史诗虽是未完成作品,却被誉为是维吉尔《埃涅阿斯》之外最伟大的拉丁文史诗。第七章完全在描述前48年发生於希腊北部法沙利亚的战事,全书也以此地为名。
使徒行传 9 在约帕有一个女徒、名叫大比大、翻希利尼话、就是多加.〔多加就是羚羊的意思〕他广行善事、多施周济。 当时、他患病而死.有人把他洗了、停在楼上。 吕大原与约帕相近.门徒听见彼得在那里、就打发两个人去见他、央求他说、快到我们那里去、不要耽延。 彼得就起身和他们同去.到了、便有人领他上楼.众寡妇都站在彼得旁边哭、拿多加与他们同在时、所做的里衣外衣给他看。 彼得叫他们都出去、就跪下祷告、转身对著死人说、大比大、起来、他就睁开眼睛、见了彼得、便坐起来。
使徒行传 5 有一个人、名叫亚拿尼亚、同他的妻子撒非喇、卖了田产。 把价银私自留下几分、他的妻子也知道、其余的几分、拿来放在使徒脚前。 彼得说、亚拿尼亚为甚麼撒但充满了你的心、叫你欺哄圣灵、把田地的价银私自留下几分呢. 田地还没有卖、不是你自己的麼.既卖了、价银不是你作主麼.你怎麼心里起这意念呢.你不是欺哄人、是欺哄 神了。 亚拿尼亚听见这话、就仆倒断了气.听见的人都甚惧怕。
圣格列高利一世 Doctor of the Church; born at Rome about 540; died 12 March 604. Gregory is certainly one of the most notable figures in Ecclesiastical History. He has exercised in many respects a momentous influence on the doctrine, the organization, and the discipline of the Catholic Church. To him we must look for an explanation of the religious situation of the Middle Ages; indeed, if no account were taken of his work, the evolution of the form of medieval Christianity would be almost inexplicable. And further, in so far as the modern Catholic system is a legitimate development of medieval Catholicism, of this too Gregory may not unreasonably be termed the Father. Almost all the leading principles of the later Catholicism are found, at any rate in germ, in Gregory the Great. (F.H. Dudden, "Gregory the Great", 1, p. v). This eulogy by a learned non-Catholic writer will justify the length and elaboration of the following article.
Al-Ghazali Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) (Persian: ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی) was born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia. He was an Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher, cosmologist, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin,[3][4] and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sunni Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism,[5] and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from an Islamic metaphysics influenced by ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards an Islamic philosophy based on cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels, a theory now known as occasionalism.
阿维森纳 艾布·阿里·侯赛因·伊本·西拿(ibn-Sīnā,980年-1037年),欧洲人尊其为阿维森纳(Avicenna),塔吉克人,生于布哈拉附近。阿拉伯哲学家、医学家、自然科学家、文学家。 阿维森纳青年时曾任宫廷御医;二十岁时,因王朝覆灭而迁居花剌子模;十一年后,因政治原因逃至伊朗。他博学多才,有多方面的成就。医学上,丰富了内科知识,重视解剖,所著《医典》是十七世纪以前亚洲、欧洲广大地区的主要医学教科书和参考书。哲学上,他是阿拉伯亚里士多德学派的主要代表之一。持二元论,并创造了自己的学说。肯定物质世界是永恒的、不可创造的,同时又承认真主是永恒的。主张灵魂不灭,也不轮回,反对死者复活之说。主要著作还有《治疗论》、《知识论》等。
美迪亚的莎拉 记载在旧约外典《托比特书》中的美丽少女,她为魔鬼阿斯蒙蒂斯(Asmodeus)所爱并附身,阿斯蒙蒂斯一连在新婚之夜杀死了莎拉的七任丈夫,直到大天使拉菲尔下凡将他驱逐。
Second of the Second (Secunda Secundæ Partis) h t tp://http://tieba.baidu.com/mo/q/checkurl?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F3.htm&urlrefer=82b0935dcc0f75b847cb486510dd9434
诺森五世 (Innocent V,约1225年—1276年6月22日),法兰西出身的教宗,原名Pierre de Tarentaise,1276年1月21日—1276年6月22日之间在位,仅五个月。
Doctor of the Church Doctor of the Church (Latin doctor, teacher, from Latin docere, to teach) is a title given by a variety of Christian churches to individuals whom they recognize as having been of particular importance, particularly regarding their additions to theological or doctrinal matters
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